Theses and dissertations (Applied Sciences)
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Item Development and acceptability of a cost-effective, energy-dense snack suitable for the National School Nutrition Programme(2020-11-13) Hassanally, Saffia; Naicker, Ashika; Singh, EvonneBackground: The National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) was established in South Africa (SA) to ensure that hunger will not be a barrier to learning among school learners attending quintile one to three schools and aims to provide a free, nutritious meal for all 189 school days. The NSNP currently does not have a solution to ensure that all learners are suitably sustained until the main NSNP meal can be served. With the increase in food insecurity levels, the need for the development of an energy-dense snack item for school learners is critical, in the effort of combatting hunger and ensuring learners have the necessary energy to sustain their concentration until their next meal. Aim: This study aimed to develop a suitable, cost-effective, energy-dense snack item for learners as a supplement to the NSNP, to assist learners in reaching their recommended dietary requirements. Methodology: The snack product development was informed by a cross-sectional snack preference survey, as well as a scoping review of the literature on school feeding programmes and past snack interventions that have shown success in South Africa and other developing countries in Africa. Through informed consent, 85 primary school learners between the age group of nine to thirteen that were part of the NSNP from two quintile three schools in KwaZulu-Natal participated in the snack preference survey whilst 81 learners participated in the consumer sensory evaluation. The snack preference survey and scoping review of past snack development interventions were conducted, to decide on a suitable, cost-effective snack for development, for the learners of the primary schools. The developed snack product then went through sensory evaluation, using trained personnel and, thereafter, for microbiological testing, to deem the product safe for consumption. The product then underwent nutritional analysis, to determine the nutritional properties of the snack item and shelf-life testing. Lastly the product was presented to the learners for final sensory analysis, to determine sensory acceptability of the developed snack, using a 7-point facial hedonic scale. Results: Analysis of the reviewed articles inferred that the most appropriate snack product to develop for this study was a biscuit. Results from the snack preference survey showed that muffins were the most preferred snack (57.1%) by both girls and (55.8%) boys, respectively. Biscuits were the second most preferred snack (32.6%) by both girls and (33.3%) for boys, respectively. There was no significant relationship between gender and choice of snack (p=1.000) and no significant relationship between age and choice of snack (p=0.141). The literature results showed biscuits to have a longer shelf life than most other snacks. It can be emulated with ease and can carry many nutrients, while being cost-effective. Trained sensory panellists, comprising of consenting Food and Nutrition staff and students, were used to evaluate the sensory acceptability of the trial recipes, during development. Following the systematic steps of food product development, at the end of the trained sensory tests, a crispy, flavourful biscuit was developed. The final recipe yielded 20 portions of 22g biscuit dough, of which the final weight of the biscuit was reduced to 20g, due to moisture loss during baking. The microbial analysis deemed the product to be safe to consume, as total counts of coliform bacteria were zero, showing no bacterial growth. The nutritional analysis showed that fat contributed the most energy (61.0%). The Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) percentage values of the biscuit amounted to 14.3% for girls and 14.2% for boys, which is in-keeping with the first objective of creating an energy-dense product. When compared to two other products of a similar nature on the market, the developed biscuit was found to be the most cost-effective (R0.79 for 20g portion). The shelf stability of the product proved that the product is highly shelf stable, remaining fresh for five weeks and can last up to five months, under proper storage conditions. Following the consumer sensory evaluation, a significant number (69.1%) of children found the snack to be ‘Super good’ (p<.0005), 14.8% rated the product as ‘Good’ and 12.3% rated the product as ‘Really good’. There was no significant difference in sensory scores across age groups (p=0.706). Conclusion: It is well established that school feeding programmes create a positive impact on school children, as it enriches their lives and provides them with much needed nutrients. In SA, the well-established NSNP does have challenges one of which is the shortfall of -providing 30.0% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) to learners. Although there are existing snack development studies, this study is unique, in the sense that it is designed to assist the NSNP to fill the current gap in the RDA for the children of SA. All objectives of this study were reached, and a suitable, cost-effective, energy-dense snack biscuit was developed in a systematic process. This snack can be a potential solution to sustain children that come to school hungry. This study will be brought to the attention of NSNP stakeholders, in the hope of the programme adopting this solution, to fill the RDA gap in the NSNP.