Research Publications (Management Sciences)

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Analysis of social crime patterns in regions based on demographic (geographical) distribution
(Review of International Geographical Education Online, 2021-11-15) Nguyen, Nam Trung; Lourens, Melanie Elizabeth; Manjre, Ramkishan; Prakash, Vishal; Patil, Swati; Kamaluddin, Mohammad Rahim
Aim: In this research paper different factors that are able to make impact on criminal activities are being critically evaluated. This paper is aiming to prove different geographic regions have different issues that enhances criminal activities. Therefore, different states of India have different rate of criminal activities. Methods: The methods of the topic have been as per the statistical analysis where the entire information has been related with the southernmost crime rate higher and a very low crime rate in the easternmost states. Main findings: The highest crime rate has been recorded at Tamil Nadu with lowest in Nagaland and Mizoram. The rate of crime increases with religious nature and nature of the crime as per metropolitan culture. The rate has been higher due to wealth, and other factors where the value of the regression has been higher between the northern and southern region respectively. The nature of the murder crime rate has been found to be higher in South Africa compared to online dating scam in Malaysia. Along with that, as a prime part of South-East Asian countries, the crime rates of Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Hong Kong have also discussed with the help of graphical illustration. Conclusion: The selected states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Assam, Telangana, Karnataka, Nagaland etc. it has also been identified in different states criminal activities during 2020 get reduced compared with criminal activities in 2019. Punjab is ranking on top in the India due to Drug cases as 35.8% of drug cases in the country belong to Punjab as well. Moreover, it has also been summarised that Vietnam has a higher crime index rather than other south-east Asian countries.
Are we equal in the eyes of the law : comparison of criminal cases amongst black and white people in South Africa?
(2020-11-10) Mbandlwa, Zamokuhle
People who are committing a white-collar crime has been able to get away with it without any legal consequences. Democratic South Africa has experienced different types of criminal activities in the past 25 years. The apartheid government committed several criminal activities against black people and the court of law favored white people against black people. Crime in South Africa was labeled and associated with the black race. A black man was always a suspect in the apartheid era and a white man was always innocent regardless of his wrongdoing towards black people. even though the current government from 1994, is a democratic government led by black people, the courts are still applying the same principle. The objectives of this paper are to show the inconsistency in criminal cases that are the same but the sentences are not the same because of the skin colour. The judiciary system in South Africa is still treating people differently, based on various cases, this paper argues that money and race is a contributing factor in decisions made by the courts in South Africa. The paper applied secondary research methodology, newspaper reports on various cases were reviewed, criminal justice reports were analyzed, and lastly, the journal papers that are related to this study.
Challenges of reintegrating self-demobilised child soldiers in North Kivu Province: prospects for accountability and reconciliation via Restorative Justice Peacemaking circles
(Springer Verlag, 2015-04-09) Kiyala, Kimbuku Jean Chrysostome
Social reintegration of self-demobilised child combatants can be seriously imperilled by the lack of accountability for human rights violations allegedly carried out during their soldiering life and the failure to pursue reconciliation with their respective communities. This paper examines the circumstances leading young soldiers to voluntarily exit armed groups and militias and the extent to which resettling in the community can be facilitated by restorative justice mechanisms. The findings suggest a large support by war-affected communities for restorative justice peacemaking circles as potential accountability and reconciliation measures to help reintegrate self-demobilised soldiers into society. These results were obtained from interviews, focus group discussions and descriptive statistics in which 1447 respondents participated. These included young ex-soldiers, students, educators, government official, members on NGOs, traditional leaders and councils, Security Services, and the Police. The inquiry was conducted between 3 May and 17 December 2014 in North Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
A comparative analysis of the South African and global tourism competitiveness models with the aim of enhancing a sustainable model for South Africa
(International Foundation for Research & Development (IFRD), 2014-04) Maharaj, S.; Balkaran, Rishi
The quality of life of society as a whole is to a considerable extent determined by the role of government. South African society is characterised by the presence of a wide gap between the rich and the poor. This is exacerbated by the presence of poverty, HIV/AIDS, crime, corruption and exploitation. Governments attempt to address these contradictions are encapsulated in various policies that detail in accurate form, the needs of the majority of South Africans. Whilst policies depict the needs of the majority of South Africans, these needs remain undelivered. The void between the formulation of policy and service delivery has been most severely felt by the poor. Policy implementation is the responsibility of central, provincial and local government. The policy on tourism has been identified as one of the major players in resolving the impasse that is experienced by government. According to South Africa’s National Tourism Sector strategy (2011 & 2016) the country’s tourism’s economic contribution is set to increase from R318, 16 billion by 2015 to R499 billion by 2020. The challenge however, remains in harnessing Tourism policy in a way that addresses the past and current contradictions. Legislative provisions, policies and plans have set the tone in terms of the direction that tourism should be heading. Public sector institutions at national, provincial and local levels have equipped themselves to develop and enhance the tourism industry in such a way that it resonates with the South African tourism imperatives. This places within context the role of public organisations and its capacity to deliver in terms of government’s national imperative. The tourism industry is complex with a range of different stakeholders. There is an inextricable link between the tourism and hospitality industries. This paper attempts to improve on the South African tourism competitiveness with the expressed intention of enhancing growth and sustainability.
A comparative investigation into the changing use of shopping malls in Germany and South Africa
(JBRMR, 2019-07) Mason, Roger Bruce; Dobbelstein, Thomas; Corbishley, Karen Margaret
Based on the decline in development of new, and use of existing, shopping malls that is happening in the USA due mainly, it seems, to e-shopping, a comparative study was conducted to investigate perceptions of shopping malls and their use in Germany (a developed country) and South Africa (a developing country). Are attitudes towards mall shopping changing, or are there other factors influencing changes in mall shopping, e.g. increase in e-shopping, lack of security (especially effect of crime in South Africa), preference for localised shopping, etc.? A questionnaire was developed from the literature and distributed via e-mail to a comprehensive database of consumers, collecting a pre-set, socio-demographic quota sample from the defined target groups. The resultant data was analysed using relevant descriptive, inferential and multivariate statistics to identify the importance of the various factors. The main finding was that South African consumers are increasingly using shopping malls, whereas German consumers are using malls slightly less than they did 2 to 3 years ago. South Africans would like to see better entertainment and unique experiences in malls, while Germans would like to see malls developing a stronger identity, integrating themselves more into their communities and acting for the good of the community they serve.
Corruption and the challenge of accountability in the post-colonial African states : a discourse
(Adonis and Abbey Publishers, 2019-04-15) Fagbadebo, Omololu; Mtshali, Khondlo
Scholars and commentators have described the African state in different forms and versions based on their assessments, rightly or wrongly, of the development‟s strides. Reports by international and local developmental agencies often present gloomy descriptions of a continent suffering from the resource curse. The scorecards of most of the African leaders seem to confirm the assertions of failures in the midst of abundant resources. The corruption pandemic in Africa has rendered the societies as the exporter of potential human resources needed for developments and innovation to the countries of the West. While the continent‟s deplorable social and economic situations worsened, the leadership cadres exploit their power to widen the inequality gaps through unethical conduct. This paper interrogates the leadership-accountability nexus in some countries in Africa with a view to understanding the nature of the pervasiveness of governance crisis. The paper argues that African leaders are more of political predators than freedom fighters against the legacies of colonialism. Rather than explore the state‟s power to promote the public interest, African leaders are more concerned with their personal welfare, exploiting the vulnerability of the citizens. Cases of leadership corruption and malfeasances are swept away thereby engendering the unprecedented culture of leadership deficiency with impunity. This paper submits that the crisis of governance in Africa could be dealt with only if the citizens are liberated from the grip of leadership insensitivity and the rhetoric of colonialism.
Corruption, governance and political instability in Nigeria : a dysfunctional conundrum
(Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2019-10-28) Fagbadebo, Omololu; Alina Georgeta, Mag; Kaustubha Nand, Bhatt
The Nigerian State is a victim of high-level corruption, bad governance, political instability, and a cyclical legitimacy crisis. Consequently, national development is retarded, and the political environment uncertain. The country’s authoritarian leadership faced a legitimacy crisis, political intrigues, in an ethnically -differentiated polity, where ethnic competition for resources drove much of the pervasive corruption and profligacy. While the political gladiators constantly manipulated the people and the political processes to advance their own selfish agenda, the society remained pauperized, and the people wallowed in abject poverty. This invariably led to weak legitimacy, as the citizens lacked faith in their political leaders and by extension, the political system. Participation in government was low because citizens perceived it as irrelevant to their lives. In the absence of support from civil society, the effective power of government was eroded. Patron -client relationships took a prime role over the formal aspects of politics, such as the rule of law, well-functioning political parties, and a credible electoral system. In order to break this cycle and ensure good governance, accountability and transparency must be guaranteed
Disaster management in India : need for an integrated approach
(Disaster Advances, 2022-07-22) Sriram, Divi; Dorasamy, Nirmala; Vipul, Nakum
It is now widely known that the hazards can be natural, but most disasters are ‘human-made’. The failure to properly implement developmental policies and practices with due consideration to disaster risk management is the leading cause of turning a hazard into a disaster.25 This, in return, negatively affects sustainable development which ultimately affects the weakest and the poorest sections of society. Disaster impacts have been felt on a wide range of sectors and sections of the population. They are curbing progress made toward achieving the Sendai Framework targets, and SDGs. Climate and human-induced disaster events have exposed several underlying facets of risks' systemic and cascading nature. There is an urgent need to identify, analyse and better understand the multihazard, systemic and cascading nature of the disaster and climate risks, their inter-linkages, and interplay. A holistic understanding of risk is crucial for furthering the priorities of action laid under the Sendai Framework and the envisioned SDGs and ensuring a better, greener, resilient and sustainable society. We have tried to study the disaster management frameworks, plans and policies of 10 countries including India to understand the institutional mechanisms and integration of critical aspects of dual/multi disaster scenarios. When the traditional disasters hit the community following the COVID-19 pandemic, the need arises to have an integrated model that can assisting in the preparation and response to the dual situation simultaneously. Efforts are made to put the experiences into a framework for an integrated approach preparing for dual/multi-disaster scenarios.
A discourse on the plight of South African women in the face of abuse and neglect
(University of the Western Cape, 2021-10-25) Fagbadebo, Omololu
An upsurge in the rate of violence against women has an adverse effect on women in South Africa. Sadly, many South African women who are the victims of violent sexual conduct, such as rape and other forms of violent sexual abuse, have in part contributed to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection among women. Of the 7,7 million South African living with HIV/AIDS in 2018, 4,7 million were women, while another 69 000 were among the new infections. They are more vulnerable to HIV infections with 21,17 percent of women living with the disease. Using personal conversations, literature searches and documents for primary and secondary data, this article argues that value orientation that ascribes superiority to men has damaging consequences on the status of women. South African women are exposed to violent habitual actions of men that denigrate their womanhood. The article, therefore, submits that there is a need to reinforce civil society and strengthen the justice system for the protection and promotion of the rights and freedom of women. Aside from this, the government should increase its commitment to the enforcement of requisite legislative frameworks that safeguard the rights and freedom of women, and review punishments for any acts of violence against women.
Dividing the spoils? Mining and tourism in South Africa
(MCSER Publishing, 2014-01) Giampiccoli, Andrea; Mtapuri, Oliver
This article looks at the mining and tourism sectors through the prisms of a society still attempting to redress the evils of the apartheid past. In so doing, it provides a typology of the dominant characteristics active in both sectors to upack the structural factors which oppress the precariats in these sectors. Precariats are the employees in a precarious situation in these sectors trying to eke out a living under extermely difficult working conditions. From the analysis, the common denominator in the two sectors is the low ‘slavery’ wages. The poor has not benefited materially from economic growth such that unemployment, poverty and inequality still remain as the country’s major challenges. The Black Economic Empowerment policy has been found wanting in empowering previously disadvantaged groups due partly to the co-option of black elites by white capital resulting in the maintenance of the pre-1994 concentration patterns. This article advocates a paradigm shift towards a system in which redistributive justice should be instituted, including a balanced distribution of power/control, resources, knowledge, capacities and benefits in these sectors for the benefit of all.
Dividing the spoils? mining and tourism in South Africa
(MCSER Publishing, 2014-01) Giampiccoli, Andrea; Mtapuri, Oliver
This article looks at the mining and tourism sectors through the prisms of a society still attempting to redress the evils of the apartheid past. In so doing, it provides a typology of the dominant characteristics active in both sectors to upack the structural factors which oppress the precariats in these sectors. Precariats are the employees in a precarious situation in these sectors trying to eke out a living under extermely difficult working conditions. From the analysis, the common denominator in the two sectors is the low ‘slavery’ wages. The poor has not benefited materially from economic growth such that unemployment, poverty and inequality still remain as the country’s major challenges. The Black Economic Empowerment policy has been found wanting in empowering previously disadvantaged groups due partly to the co-option of black elites by white capital resulting in the maintenance of the pre-1994 concentration patterns. This article advocates a paradigm shift towards a system in which redistributive justice should be instituted, including a balanced distribution of power/control, resources, knowledge, capacities and benefits in these sectors for the benefit of all.
Economic conditions that leads to illegal electricity connections at Quarry Road Informal Settlement in South Africa
(International Journal of Special Education, 2022) Geyevu, Mawuena; Mbandlwa, Zamokuhle
Crime statistics in South Africa seems to increase every year. Illegal electricity connection is considered a crime and a punishable offence. Crime can be caused by different aspects, e.g. poverty, drug abuse and alcohol abuse. Unemployment seems to be the leading cause of crime which may indirectly lead to poverty. Unemployment rate has gone up and people are looking for alternative solutions to support themselves and their families. Unemployment is one of the reason stated by people who illegally connect electricity. The illegal connection of electricity can be categorized into two groups. The first group is the group of people that utilize illegally connected electricity because they claim not to afford to pay for the electricity. The second group is the group of people who illegally connect electricity as a form of employment and illegally connect electricity for community members for a specific amount of money as remuneration. The study investigated illegal electricity connections in Quarry Informal Settlements. The main objective of this study was to explore the reason of illegal electricity connections in informal settlements focusing on Quarry Informal Settlement. Illegal electricity connections are lethal and the residents of Quarry Informal Settlements are aware of these consequences yet they seem to have no other alternatives to connecting electricity and no intervention from the municipality. Findings of this study also revealed that connecting electricity in Quarry Road Informal Settlement has since become a norm. It has since become an acceptable act to connect electricity illegally. A minority bought their houses with an already installed illegal connection while most have become accustomed to this act.
Economic inequality as a source of interpersonal violence : evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa
(SAJEMS, 2015) Harris, Geoffrey Thomas; Vermaak, Claire
This article examines whether the close association of income inequality and violence identified for high income countries applies also to sub-Saharan Africa and, in particular, to South Africa. Cross sectional analysis across sub-Saharan countries provided no evidence of such an association. However, using homicide rates and several measures of inequality across South Africa’s 52 districts does provide evidence of a significant positive relationship between homicide rates and expenditure inequality. A one percent increase in inequality is associated with an increase in the homicide rate of 2.3 to 2.5 per cent. This relationship remains significant after controlling for other characteristics of the district.
The effect of layoffs on the performance of survivors at healthcare organizations
(Aliva Global Research and Development, 2021-12-02) Wisetsri, Worakamol; Lourens, Melanie Elizabeth; Cavaliere, Luigi Pio Leonardo; Chakravarthi, M. Kalyan; Nijhawan, Gitu
For years, workers of an organization have strivedto strengthen it and expand it with fresh concepts and strategies to accomplish new objectives.The layoff is,by definition,a spontaneous release from an institution, i.e. a compulsory resignation for certain purposes of employee categories, of permanent or temporary personnel (economic reasons, downsizing personal management).Outsourcing is a way of reducing costs and changing fixed costs to varying expenses for companies. It transfers work or researches to outside households,which lead to job losses.Finishing is a major business challenge, forced disconnected jobs and survivors.This sudden dismantling was triggered by theeconomic depression,which increased with corruption by governments. The COVID-19spread around the world is further overcome day by day.When the layoff is mass, companies may notify the workers of the reasons for the reduction.Some hospitals issued departed personnel a warning for clarifying things and preparing the workers even though they could do serious harm. This form of warning illustrates a pandemic COVID-19 by delivering unemployment until layoffs explainthe financial downturn for workers.Certain hospitals and organizations offer warning without consideration about the discharged workers on the same day. Moreover, this existed in tiny clinics, where there were not very significant layoffs. Substantial government institutions,including A.U.B.M.C., B.M.G.and other hospitals,prefer cuts as a remedy.This research aims to determine the effect of forced termination health care institutions on survivors' effectiveness, performance, quality of service, and relational results
Ethical leadership and the challenge of service delivery in South Africa : a discourse
(The Mattingley Publishing Co, 2020-06-12) Mbandlwa, Zamokuhle; Dorasamy, Nirmala; Fagbadebo, Omololu
Ethical leadership challenges in South Africa led to corruption in various government departments. Corruption is the results of poor ethics in leadership which results in poor public service delivery. In this paper we argued that in order to end corruption in South Africa government, the issue of leadership ethics must first be prioritized. The objective of this study was to identify factors that contribute to poor public service delivery and to examine the correlation between bad leadership and poor public service delivery. The results of the study have proven that there is a link between leadership and service delivery. Poor public service delivery in South Africa is caused by poor leadership ethics in government leaders. Therefore, the combination of poor leadership and poor public service delivery affect the daily lives of people in South Africa.
Ethical leadership versus public service delivery in the context of the South African government.
(Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, 2022) Mbandlwa, Zamokuhle
Ethical leadership is a type of leadership that is ideal for any institution. Ethical leadership is lacking in Africa and south Africa is not an exception. Ethical leadership in many aspects globally is misconceptualized but this article focus on ethical leadership in the South African context. South Africa as a developing country has various aspects that seeks to effectively deliver public services and ethical leadership play a major role. South African leaders recently, mobilize public support using the ticket of corruption free and ethical leadership. Ethical leadership and corrupt free leaders does not guarantee effective public services. This article presents a view that leaders must showcase the leadership skills and a calling for leading people without expecting anything in return. Leaders must provide solutions for existing problems in the society. Ethical leadership and corrupt free must not be a standalone phenomenon that leaders use to mobilize public support, they must present their desire to provide public services and service excellence. The objective of this article is to show the difference between ethical leadership and public service delivery. There is a correlation between the two aspects and this article seeks to contribute in addressing the confusion between the two. The study found that most leaders in South Africa portray themselves as ethical leaders in public to gain more support from the public and voters. The study applied mixed research methodology and analyzed the existing data that is related to ethical leadership versus public service delivery.
Ethics, codes of conduct, morals and professionalism as a bulwark against corruption and unethical conduct in the public sector: a case of South Africa
(Virtus Interpress, 2015) Brauns, Melody; Mdlazi, David
This paper endeavours to critically examine ethics in South Africa especially after the first democratic elections and later developments. Such an analysis will inevitably overspill to the quality of service delivery and participation. As such there is a need for ethics to be re-examined and investigate how this may be used to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the South African government service. Much has been written on ethics and their relevance to the public sector organisations. Indeed they are critical for service delivery for both sectors namely, private and public sectors. This paper will trace the origins and development of ethics and their relationship with other associated terms such as morals, codes of conduct and relate same to the guidelines emanating from the South African Constitution Act (Act 108 of 1996). Once this objective has been achieved the position of ethics to our daily lives from individual and citizenship perspective will be explored. By such investigation it is envisaged to reposition ethics to our working environment as a vehicle that supports and fuels accelerated quality decision-making and service delivery. In that way it will be possible to locate the area of responsibility and accountability in the public sector. One will also examine the power-authority-responsibility triangle relative to ethics, ethical conduct, codes of conduct, and professionalism and indicate how these can be effectively applied to address issues of violation of human right through fundamental deprivation of critical services and products.
Ethnicity as the cause of political instability in South Africa
(2020-07-28) Mbandlwa, Zamokuhle; Shezi, Lindelani
Background: KwaZulu Natal has been a battlefield of political violence over the past few years in a democratic South Africa where many other provinces were no longer resolving their conflict through violence. This study aimed to find reasons why this province still experiences high levels of violence and the UMzimkhulu area was identified as the area of the study. Objectives: the objective of this paper was to examine the public responses to ethnicity as the cause of political violence in the province of KwaZulu Natal at the UMzimkhulu area. Using descriptive analysis, we investigated the root cause of political violence in the UMzimkhulu area. In a comprehensive analysis of the case of the UMzimkhulu area, we argued that to explain the causes of political violence, it was necessary to look into the type of people that are living in the area and their ethnic origin. Method: in this paper, we applied a mixed research methodology, which is the Qualitative and quantitative research methods. Twenty-five questionnaires were successfully distributed to participants and responded to. Interviews were conducted with five participants. Results: we found that the people that are living in the area are of a Xhosa tribe and a Zulu tribe, that alone created an identity conflict amongst the people. Twenty-five questionnaires were distributed to local community members and both tribes were represented, five interviews were conducted to both tribes. Conclusion: the intervention of the police and political office bearers will always be temporal because the root cause of the political violence in the area is not addressed. Every local government elections will be characterized by political violence in the area unless the ethnic disparities are properly addressed.
Evaluating student perceptions on the development management curricula to promote green economy
(Business Perspectives, 2016) Govender, Ivan Gunass
The purpose of the paper is to determine the students' perceptions on the development management curricula in relation to education i ngreen economy, as no previous research has been conducted to evaluate the perceptions of the students enrolled for this course. The study seeks to answer the following question: To what extent were students exposed to the skills and conpetencies required for engaging in green economy and its effect on their home and work environment. The study used the quantitative approach where the students were given a questionnaire to cmplete. The findings indicated that the sustainable development attributes were adeuately covered with strong focus on global issues, time management and systems theory and thinking. Personal attribute awareness gained during the course included leadership skills, critical thinking and decision making that could enhance the understanding of the economy and environmental management. The study also highlights the students' perceptions that they could make significant contributions towards the green economy both at work and home. The study recommends that the course be redesigned to include aspects of green economy, the assessment strategies be made more relevant at the program level to include the tenets of engaged scholarship. The study is important for curriculum developers and higher educatoin policy developers to ensure that the course content is relevant to addressing economic relations in the area of environmental management.
Exploring the impact of Women Organizations in Peacebuilding in South Sudan; Post Independence Progress
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2023-05-26) Isola, Abidemi Abiola; Okeke-Uzodike, Obianuju Ebele; Akinola, Adeoye Ologuntoye
This book offers a holistic understanding of the convergence between governance, conflict and security in Africa. It adopts a political economy approach and qualitative research method, funded on unstructured interview and case studies, to unravel the governance and security questions in Africa. There are exhaustive studies on conventional threats to security in post-colonial Africa; however, there has been a dearth of rigorous research on other emerging threats to human security, which have the potency to aggravate Africa’s insecurity and underdevelopment. While cases of armed insurrections and civil wars have reduced on the continent, diverse forms of violent conflicts have endangered the security of lives and property. What explains this trend? As well captured in the volume, the shrinking of many African states and the deepening of structural violence engendered new forms of violent conflict—terrorism, xenophobia, students-led violent protests, gender-based violence, youth-led dissent—and the resurgence of old conflicts, as seen in the new waves of coups in the Sahel and West Africa. Several African states continue to demonstrate their incapacity to ensure peace and security within their territorial delineations. A resurgence of conflict generated by water and land impedes the quests for social stability, security and socio-economic sustainability in many parts of Africa. In the case of land, it manifests as both structural violence (a precondition for physical violence) and farm attacks as experienced in South Africa, where a high level of land-related inequality and physical violence persist. Despite the optimism associated with the ‘Africa rising’ conversation, conventional and contemporary threats to peace have stunted its developmental projects. Indeed, there is a strong connection between security and development. While Paul Coulier’s insisted that economic consideration causes and perpetuates conflict, the literature identifies both economic and political variables—particularly the state and the political power system—as the main determinants of conflict. Africa’s shifting nature of conflict necessitates fresh conversation on exploring effective contextual techniques to ensure Africa’s peace and security. Furthermore, the changing character of the security landscape reveals a rising gap between practice and classical thoughts on conflict, security and governance. Thus, the editor of the book, Oye Akinola, received support from the Institute of Pan-African Thought and Conversation (IPATC) at the University of Johannesburg, to host an author’s workshop and brainstorm new trends on conflict and security and the imperativeness of proffering sustainable recommendations for policymaking. The authors in this volume attended and made paper presentations at the workshop, between 10 and 11 March 2022, at the Sheraton Hotel in Pretoria, South Africa.