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Theses and dissertations (Health Sciences)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://ir-dev.dut.ac.za/handle/10321/12

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    A characterisation of the thermal curing- and mechanical properties of polymethylmethacrylate / hydroxyapatite composites
    (2013-10-31) Yang, Ming; Ross, Ashley Hilton Adrian; Walker, Mark
    Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in exothermic polymerisation characteristics and a range of mechanical properties in PMMA/HA composites (of varying HA concentrations) against a control sample of pure PMMA. Methods Specimens of pure PMMA, and 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent HA composites were made according to the specification of appropriate testing standards using the flask and packing method. Exothermic polymerisation testing was conducted on respective samples using an internal j-type thermocouple temperature sensor. The rate of temperature change and maximum temperature in relation to time were recorded. Mechanical tests included tests of flexural strength and modulus, compressive strength and modulus, tensile strength and modulus and shear strength. All specimens were kept in a controlled environment prior to testing, which was performed on a LIoyd® LR30K universal testing machine, and recorded in computer-generated logs. Results Exothermic polymerisation testing revealed a decrease in mean maximum temperature values with increasing HA content. The mean exothermic temperatures of all six groups were above 100 ̊C, with small relative temperature reductions as the HA percentage increased. The results of mechanical testing revealed that there was a significant reduction in flexural strength in the range between pure PMMA and 15 percent HA and no statistical difference in flexural modulus. There was a notable trend toward a decrease in compressive strength as HA percentage increased, achieving statistical significance at 20 and 25 percent HA, with no statistical difference in compressive modulus between samples. The tensile strength test results no significant difference between pure PMMA and composites containing up to 15 percent HA. A significant difference was noted between the 20 percent- and 25 percent HA composites and those of lower HA concentration with an increased failure risk as HA concentration was increased above 10 percent. There was a tensile modulus peak at 15 percent HA, and a significant difference between 15 percent HA composites and pure PMMA and the 10 percent HA composite. Shear strength was noted to decrease with HA percentage, with significant reduced strength between the 15 percent HA composite and pure PMMA, as well as between the 20 and 25 percent HA composites and composites of less than 10 percent HA. Conclusions The study revealed that the addition of HA to pure PMMA negatively affects the mechanical strength measured in compression, bending or shear. Tensile, compression and flexural moduli showed a gentle increase with the addition of increasing amounts of HA. The peak values were noted at 15 percent for tensile modulus and 25 percent for compressive and flexural moduli. It was recommended that the best compromise across all properties (mechanical and thermal) should be based upon the context of composite use. It was further recommended that PMMA/HA composite materials with 10 – 15 percent HA be investigated further, with due cognisance of the limitations of the present study. The researcher recommended replication of the study using a larger sample size, more refined methodology and the incorporation of additional tests, including shear modulus testing, impact resistance, bioactivity and composite degradation.
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    An in vitro investigation of the flexural strength and microstructure of "stick glass fiber" and "wire mesh" reinforced heat cured denture base acrylic
    (2008) Kiilu, Paul Muli; Vahed, Anisa; Lachman, Nirusha
    Globally in the field of Dental Technology, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin continues to be the popular material for the fabrication of denture bases in removable prosthodontics. However, the mechanical strength of the denture base is a concern due to fractures occurring intra-orally or when accidentally dropped. The objective of this in vitro investigation was therefore to evaluate and compare the flexural strength and microstructure of stick® glass fibre and wire mesh reinforced PMMA resin after thermocycling. The selection of the materials used in this study was based primarily on their popularity and availability in South Africa. These materials were selected to ensure that the results of this study would have further implicational value in the commercial dental industry when published. This investigation was conducted by means of fabricating a total of 90 PMMA resin specimens and divided in three groups consisting of 30 specimens each. Sample groups 1 and 2 were reinforced with stick® glass fibres and wire mesh respectively. The un-reinforced sample group was the control. All 90 specimens were thermocycled in water at temperatures between 5˚C and 55˚C for 2100 cycles. The flexural strength of each specimen was tested using a universal testing machine and the microstructure of the fractured surfaces was then analysed using scanning electron microscopes (SEM). SPSS version 15.0 was used for data analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Data were analysed using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. Statistically significant differences in flexural strength existed between the three sample groups (p<0.001) with the stick® glass fibre and wire mesh sample groups being significantly superior to the control. Furthermore there was a significant association between fracture modes and sample groups. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of voids. Statistically, in terms of microstructure (% of voids present), a significant difference existed between all sample groups. With regards to surface texture of the compression and tension sides of the test specimens, significant differences existed between the three sample groups. Furthermore microscopic analysis revealed partial impregnation and distribution of the fibres to the PMMA resin matrix and un-bonding between the wire mesh and PMMA resin matrix. Statistically, the Mann-Whitney test was conducted to compare flexural strength between sample groups with and without voids. The flexural strength was higher in sample groups with voids than those without. This is an important finding from the clinical perspective because, in some structures of dentures, toughness is a desired property. Nevertheless in order to find the long-term data especially on clinical behaviour of these new fibre reinforcement systems, more studies should be conducted.