Faculty of Health Sciences

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Client's expectations, perceptions and experiences of hotel spas and their services in eThekwini municipality
(2019) Khathi, Sinethemba E.; Puckree, Threethambal; Fynn-Wagner, Sharl
Background Spas are considered the fastest-growing sector in the tourism industry. Although a significant number of studies have been conducted in the spa industry, few have studied the spa market segmentation according to client expectations and experiences. Aim of the study This study aimed to explore clients’ expectations, perceptions and experiences regarding hotel spas and their services in the eThekwini Municipality. Methodology A mixed method research approach was used to conduct this study. A purposive sample of 15, and convenience sample of 120, spa clients were invited to participate in the study. A SERVQUAL questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 and qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results The study had a 100% response rate. Almost all clients were not satisfied by the hotel spa treatments and services. The three main reasons for this were that spa management had no clue about what clients expected, the therapist’s knowledge and skills needed improvement and the spa environment required transformation. Conclusion EThekwini hotel spa clients have high levels of expectations that are not met owing to a number of factors in spas. Clients suggested ways that can be employed to meet their needs in spas, some of them are modern spa set up, professionalism, hygiene and quality service. A therapist’s qualification, training and industry board is recommended in order to control and improve the challenges faced by hotel spa clients.
A comparative study on the effectiveness of application techniques of tissue oil enriched with Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) extract on dehydrated skin of women aged between 18 and 45 years
(2020-06-10) Van der Schyff, Raihaana; Dorinda, Borg; Brooks, D.
Human skin is the largest organ in the body and constitutes the first line of defense as it offers protection to the underlying structures such as the muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Daily, the skin comes into contact with the environment and plays an important role in protecting the body against excessive water loss and dangerous pathogens. Due to these factors, the skin can develop conditions such as dehydration, sensitivity, sagging or dryness. Thus, women are constantly seeking effective and speedy treatments to increase the hydration levels and improve the appearance of their skins. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two different application techniques, (hot oil mask and Swedish massage), using Rooibos-enriched tissue oil on dehydrated skin of women to assist in establishing which application method was the most effective. The findings of this comparative study will provide Somatologists with the knowledge of the quickest and most effective treatment techniques when using this tissue oil to treat dehydrated skin for women between the ages of 18 and 45 years. An experimental design, using a pre-test and post-test method to compare participant groups was administered. Purposive sampling was used as only females between the ages of 18-45 years of age who were clinically diagnosed by a dermatologist with evidence of existing dehydration and measured on the Fitzpatrick scale between 3–5, were included in the study. The sample size comprised of sixty-two (n=62) participants. Participants (students and staff) were recruited from the Cape University of Technology in the Cape Province, South Africa. The Bt-AnalyzeTM skin identification and the Multi-skin test Centre 750® were used to perform the skin evaluations. The findings suggest that both the Swedish massage (p=0.000 to 0.003 across the different age groups) and the hot oil mask applications (p=0.000 to 0.004 across the different age groups) reflected a significant improvement in the hydration levels of the skin after just three applications (30%). Observations of clinical photographs suggested that the Swedish massage applications were visibly more effective for the age group 18-23 years(p=0.000) and 36-41(p=0.002), compared to the hot oil mask applications which appeared visibly more effective for the age groups 30-35(p=0.001) and 42-45(p=0.000). However, the TEWL values were statistically significant for all age groups except for the age group 30-35 (p<0.363), 36-41 (p<0.952) and 42- 45 (p<0.544). Upon completion of the study, all participants showed an improvement in hydration levels within the physiological parameters of the skin. The skin appeared visibly less dry with fewer fine lines. Participants who had previously reported experiencing flaky or taut skin, were more comfortable and satisfied with the texture of their skin post treatment as it felt smoother. In general, the tissue oil with rooibos extract had a positive hydrating effect on the skin irrespective of the application method although age did have an influence. Most of the improvements occurred after the first application of the product. Factors such as age, product usage, water consumption and exercise do influence the skin hydration levels. Therefore, these factors should be considered as future recommendations when designing treatment programmes for improving skin hydration levels. Finally, massage oil application methods should be incorporated into treatments designed for the younger age groups (under 40 years) and the hot oil mask is recommended for mature skin (over 40 years) to achieve the best results.
A comparison of attitudes towards and practices of waste management in three different socio-economic residential areas of Umtata
(2001) Poswa, Tobius Thobile; Combrink, Jane
The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, the effect of the social dimensions of households on solid waste practice was investigated in order to examine relationships between socio-economic status and current solid waste practices. Current perceptions and solid. waste practices of households with different socio-economic backgrounds were assessed and compared to explain the influence of socio-economic factors in the planning and operation of a solid waste management system in developing urban areas. Secondly, a waste stream assessment was carried out to examine waste generation and composition trends among different social status residential urban areas. The generally poor state of solid waste services in most developing urban areas in South Africa and the chronic absence of data on domestic solid waste practice in the study area prompted this research initiative. A case study in Umtata involving three residential areas with different socio-economic status was used to assess and explain trends in solid waste practice and contributory factors to variations between different households amongst developing communities from a socio-economic perspective. Data were collected by a waste stream assessment survey involving measuring waste generated from the selected households and analysis of its composition. The waste stream assessment was complemented by a descriptive survey questionnaire, administered by means of personal interviews to each householder or resident in randomly selected households situated in the study area. The survey provided baseline information on solid waste practices and showed that local conditions were unique and thus require a local solution to the solid waste problems. The study showed that the understanding of the relations within households is vital for planning appropriate, effective and sustainable solid waste service programmes /systems. Gender relations, age, educational status and income are significant factors to be considered in planning and effectively operating solid waste management plans.
Dental laboratory waste management in respect of reusing and recycling in KwaZulu-Natal
(2018) Ngombane, Yonela; Bass, Gregory Hylton; Ross, Ashley Hilton Adrian
This qualitative study explored the management of waste in commercial and training dental laboratories in order to determine the practices and attitudes of dental technology practitioners and academics towards reusing and recycling dental laboratory waste products, and alert them to the benefits of waste management on the environment. The research objectives were to establish and report on the extent of waste management that entails waste reduction through reusing and recycling, to uncover alternative uses for dental laboratory waste and the possible economic benefits thereof and to influence dental technology industry on environmental sustainability. The research project was conducted in the interpretive paradigm. In the course of this study dental laboratory owners, dental technicians/technologists and academics from the dental technology programme at a training institution were interviewed. Waste handling in dental laboratories was observed in order to gain greater insight as to current practices in laboratories. Thematic content analysis was employed to analyse the qualitative data. This study found that waste management was poorly understood and practiced amongst the dental laboratory owners, dental technicians/technologists and academics. The study adopted a waste management hierarchy conceptual framework which was influenced by the Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008). The negative attitudes towards responsible waste management practices and the poor understanding of waste management by dental laboratory owners, dental technicians/technologists were found to be as a result of the poor understanding of the possible impact that waste from dental laboratories can impose on the environment. The perceived lack of participation in constructive waste management legislation by the South African Dental Technicians Council was also seen to be a contributing factor to the negative attitudes towards responsible waste management practices within the industry. This finding reinforced the finding that the dental industry has no knowledge, understanding and desire to understand waste management and, more importantly, to understand that one does not practice things solely for legislative reasons but that there are economic as well as environmental reasons to practice constructive waste management. On the other hand, this study found that the industry was not averse to engaging in environmental friendly practices provided there is financial gain. This was established after the benefits of waste management practices were explained to the industry.
Determinants of key drivers for potable water treatment cost in uMngeni Basin
(2015-03-04) Rangeti, Innocent; Dzwairo, Bloodless; Barratt, Graham James
The study entailed the determination of key water quality parameters significantly influencing treatment cost in uMngeni Basin. Chemical dosage was used as a substitute for treatment cost as the study indicated that cost, in its monetary value, is influenced by market forces, demand and supply, which are both not directly linked to water quality. Chemical dosage is however, determined by the quality of water and thus provides a clear illustration of the effect of pollution on treatment cost. Three specific objectives were set in an effort to determine key water quality parameters influencing treatment costs in uMngeni Basin. The fourth objective was to develop a model for predicting chemical dosages. The first approach was analysis of temporal and spatial variability of water quality in relation to chemical dosage during production of potable water. The trends were explained in relation to river health status. For this purpose, time-series, box-plot, and the Seasonal-Kendal test were employed. The results showed that the quality of water significantly deteriorated from upstream to downstream in relation to algae, turbidity and Escherichia coli (E. coli). High mean range of E. coli (126-1319 colony count/100mL) and turbidity (2.7-38.7 NTU) observed indicate that the quality of water along the basin is not fit for human consumption as these parameters exceeded the target range stipulated in South Africa’s guidelines for domestic use. For water intended for drinking purpose, turbidity should be below 5 NTU, while zero E. coli count is expect in 100 mL. Among the six sampling stations considered along the uMngeni Basin, three dam outflows (Midmar, Nagle and Inanda) showed an improved quality compared with their respective inflow stations. This was expected and could be attributed to the retention and dilution effects. These natural processes help by providing a self-purification process, which ultimately reduces the treatment cost. While considering the importance of disseminating water quality information to the general public and non-technical stakeholders, the second objective of the study was to develop two water quality indices. These were; (1) Treatability Water Quality Index and (2) River Health Water Quality Index. The Treatability Water Quality Index was developed based on the Canadian Council Minister of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI). The technique is used to determine fitness of water against a set of assigned water quality resource objectives (guidelines). The calculated Harmonised Water Quality Resource Objectives (HWQRO) were used to compare the qualities of the raw water being abstracted at Nagle and Inanda Dam for the purpose of treatment. The results showed that Nagle Dam, which supplies Durban Heights, is significantly affected by E. coli (42% non-compliance), turbidity (20% non-compliance) and nitrate (18% non-compliance) levels. Wiggins Water Treatment Plant which abstracts from Inanda Dam has a problem of high algae (mean 4499 cell/mL), conductivity (mean 26.21 mS/m) and alkalinity (mean 62.66 mg/L) levels. The River Health Water Quality Index (RHWQI) was developed using the Weighted Geometric Mean (WQM) method. Eight parameters, namely, E. coli, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonia, turbidity, alkalinity, electrical conductivity and pH were selected for indexing. Rating curves were drawn based on the target ranges as stipulated in South Africa’s guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Five classes were used to describe the overall river health status. The results showed that the water is still acceptable for survival of freshwater animals. A comparison of the RHWQI scores (out of 100) depicted that dam inflow station (MDI(61.6), NDI(74.6) and IDI(63.8)) showed a relatively deteriorated quality as compared with their outflows (MDO(77.8), NDO(74.4) and IDO(80)). The third objective was to employ statistical analysis to determine key water quality parameters influencing chemical dosage at Durban Heights and Wiggins Water Treatment Plants. For each of the two treatment plants, treated water quality data-sets were analysed together with their respective raw water data-set. The rationale was to determine parameters showing concentration change due to treatment. The t-test was used to determine the significance of concentration change on each of the 23 parameters considered. Thereafter, the correlations between water quality parameters and the three chemicals used during treatment (polymer, chlorine and lime) were analysed. The results showed that the concentrations of physical parameters namely, algae, turbidity and total organic carbon at both treatment showed a significant statistical (p<0.05) reduction in concentration (R/Ro<0.95). This results implies that such parameters were key drivers for chemical dosage. From the results of the first three objectives, it is recommended that implementing measures to control physical parameter pollution sources, specifically sewage discharges and rainfall run-off from agricultural lands along the uMngeni Basin should assist in reducing the chemical dosage and ultimately cost. The fourth objective was to develop chemical dosage models for prediction purposes. This was achieved by employing a polynomial non-linear regression function on the XLStat 2014 program. The resultant models showed prediction power (R2) ranging from 0.18 (18%) up to 0.75 (75%). However, the study recommends a comparative study of the developed models with other modelling techniques.
Determining the health risk factors impacting residents living in dilapilated buildings in Durban, South Africa
(2021-05-27) Mdoda, Mzimasi; Ghuman, Shanaz
In most developing countries such as South Africa, the phenomenon of buildings dilapidation has persisted in cities. Despite endeavors by the government, municipalities and others to eliminate this point of contention, the problem has remained. In different metropolitan areas such as Durban, Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg in South Africa, the existence and effects of disrepair continue to increase. The primary purpose of the study was to determine the health risk factors impacting occupants of a dilapidated building in Durban, South Africa. A dilapidated building is any building exhibiting signs of being a health hazard. This can be determined by factors such as unsanitary conditions, unsightliness, over-crowding, poor ventilation, mismanagement of refuse or waste, and poor maintenance of the building. A dilapidated building was purposely selected in South Beach, Durban. This is a residential building that satisfied the definition of 'dilapidated building’. The dwelling houses 600 people occupying 140 units. The minimum sample size was 103 Units. The head of the household or his/her proxy was targeted to participate in each unit. The research instrument used to collect primary data was a questionnaire and an inspection survey. Data analysis included descriptive, inferential statistical analysis carried out using the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS Version 26.0 IBM). A Chi squared statistical test of independence and Phi Coefficient and Cramer's V Correlation test has shown a statistical significant association between the painful ankles experienced and the non-use of the elevator to reach the upper floors (p=0.002, phi and V=0.351), crime and depression/ anxiety (p=0.003, phi and V=0.018), lack of air circulation through open windows and TB (p=0.035, phi and V=0.197), as well as enervated waste removal versus medical attention seeking (p=0.003, phi and V=0.197). This research highlights that conditions in a dilapidated building linked strongly with adverse health outcomes of the occupants. A wide range of risk groups has affected occupants’ health, mainly from poor solid waste management, crowded units, and crime. Dilapidated building conditions were linked to a wide range of health problems and symptoms including respiratory infections, headaches, sleepless asthma, crime, ankle pain and mental health. Interventions to ensure healthy buildings and to prevent building dilapidation require a tripartite approach including government, building owners and occupants, with every stakeholder having a role to play in ensuring building health.
The effectiveness of environmental education on waste management practices in Mtumbane and Maheng townships in Port St. Johns, Eastern Cape
(2018) Njiva, Innocent Dalumzi; Kistnasamy, Emilie Joy; Govender, Thashlin
In this democratic era, two of the largest previously disadvantaged communities in Port St Johns i.e. Mtumbane and Maheng were still without waste collection services. Solid waste was dumped indiscriminately and posed risks to health and the environment. To help these communities to achieve better health, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of environmental education on waste management practices (WMP). The key objectives entailed establishing the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of sampled households towards WMP; evaluating the intervention of the 4Rs (reuse, reduce, recycle and recover) of WMP as taught to Grades 4 to 7 residing in the previously sampled households and assessing the impact of the intervention on WMP in these households. This study was undertaken in three phases. The pre-intervention and post-intervention phases included questionnaire administration occurring over two months. The intervention comprised the teaching of the 4Rs of WMP and the completion of a daily diary by Grades 4 to 7 residing in the previously sampled households.This study focused on statistically significant differences that were reported between pre- and post- intervention. The differences were meant to establish if the respondents had any changes in knowledge regarding solid waste management. Results showed that the use of plastic bags increased which showed a significant difference (p-value 0.034).Indiscriminate dumping of waste in Mtumbane decreased whereas in Maheng, there was no difference with their practices. Among the majority of respondents from Mtumbane, waste was regarded as something useful (p-value 0.003). The education associated with waste management for both townships increased by more than 15% and that made a significant difference (p-value 0.025). Further, more than half of the respondents in Mtumbane separated their waste. The results show that there was a significant difference (p-value 0.001) in Mtumbane and not in Maheng. This significant difference may be attributed to the distribution of adequate information as the two townships vary in distance from the municipal offices i.e. Mtumbane: three kilometres and Maheng: 15 km). It was found that the number of respondents willing to pay for waste collection services increased post-intervention (p-value 0.003). It appears that in every aspect when pre- and post-intervention were reported, there was a positive difference after the intervention phase. Four recommendations are proposed: (1) organising solid waste cleaning campaigns and environmental education in schools and communities; (2) the introduction of the 4Rs to communities; (3) the provision of communal waste skips and (4) the use of incentives to foster proper waste disposal practices. It is important for all future studies to consider a method for disseminating important information to the community in order that waste management strategies can be fully and successfully implemented.
An evaluation of sick building syndrome amongst administrative employees in an office environment in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal
(2021-05-27) Moodley, Demi; Niranjan, Ivan; Ghuman, Shanaz; Nadasen, Naadiya
Introduction: Approximately 90% of the populace spends their time indoors. The building environment, in which an individual is ensconced, is directly related to the sustenance of the health of the human body as well as psychological well-being (Murniati 2020: 278). Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) has been a controversial topic over the years, as there are several definitions published in research. Nevertheless, common SBS symptoms and characteristics make it prevalent as a consequence of exposure to several possible indoor factors such as; low/ high temperature, inadequate ventilation, overcrowding, stress, poor building and ventilation maintenance, inadequate cleaning and pollutant accumulation. Methodology: This study focuses on investigating the association between indoor carbon dioxide levels (CO2), air flow rate, indoor temperature and the prevalence of SBS contributing to the health and wellbeing of employees in an administrative office building in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. This was achieved with the use of two phases of investigation. A commonly used questionnaire on health, lifestyle and office conditions focused on their perceptions of the participants, regarding their environment. Thereafter, objective sampling of CO2, indoor temperature and air flow rate was conducted and assessed. Both sampling methods were discussed and assessed simultaneously in relation to the Biopsychosocial Model as the objective sampling further validated the outcome from the questionnaire results. Results: The results showed that there was a correlation between age (p-value < 0.01), female gender (p-value < 0.01; n= 135), psychological conditions and physical environmental quality (temperature, ventilation and CO2; p-value < 0.01) with SBS. No correlation was identified between lifestyle conditions, smoking behavior, ergonomic factors, noise and illumination with the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome (p-value > 0.05). It can be said that more than half of the participants were unhappy due to their working conditions. This did not meet the 80% occupant satisfactory requirement in the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard 62.1. As a result of the below standard specifications and under maintained ventilation and air-conditioning system, an accumulation of CO2 occurred towards the end of the day with an overall low temperature on the sampling days. The accumulation of CO2 in the afternoon was a result of the extraction system which was not adequate to supply the level of overcrowding in the building. Furthermore, the negatively perceived environment added to the factors above resulting in the common SBS symptoms of watery eyes, dizziness, dry and burning eyes, fatigue/ tiredness, drowsiness/ lethargy, headaches, sinusitis, blocked /stuffy nose, runny nose, skin irritations, sore dry throat and influenza like symptoms being experienced amongst most participants. The most significant (p<0.001) symptoms experienced by participants were headaches and sinusitis. The defining factor which determined the prevalence of SBS was if the symptoms disappeared after a few hours of leaving the building and almost all (p-value <0.01; n=165) participants stated that this was true. Conclusion: It can be concluded employees in the office of study definitely experienced SBS. Finally, recommendations were suggested in relation to the hierarchy of control as well as transitioning into ‘green’ buildings. This is the first study in South Africa to associate SBS in an office using a multidisciplinary method since 1993 in South Africa (Truter 1993:1).
The evaluation of the quality of sanitation and stored water for domestic use in the Umlazi P Section informal settlement
(2021-12-01) Shangase, Simangaliso Idiom; Pillay, Pavitra; Ndlovu, T. S.
Background The quantity of water delivered and used for households is an important requirement for life as well as basic personal hygiene. Simple hygiene measures have become paramount due to corona-virus 2019 (Covid-2019). South Africa still lacks basic infrastructure to supply adequate quantities of water to all. This problem is exacerbated in the growing informal settlements where infrastructure is limited. A growing awareness shows contamination of water can occur during collection and storage. This results in the deterioration of water quality to the extent that the water becomes undrinkable. Contributing factors include the cleanliness of storage containers as well as the environment in which they are stored. The aim of the study This study aimed to investigate the quality of stored water and the related handling of storage vessels after collection for domestic use at the informal settlement of the Umlazi P Section, in the south-west of Durban. The study objectives The objectives of the study were to determine the knowledge and awareness of water contamination and how water resources can be protected. To discover the exposure of drinking water to waterborne pathogens due to poor storage and hygiene practices using a questionnaire. To test stored water samples for pathogenic organisms using acceptable laboratory methods and compare the findings for compliance with the South African Water Quality Guidelines for domestic use (SANS 241: 2015). To test the pH levels and macroscopic appearance of stored water in order to assess the extent of natural organic and corrosive substances dissolved in domestic water. Study Design This was a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study aimed at analysing data of exposure of Umlazi P section residents to contaminated water resources. Data collection entailed the administration of a questionnaire to 269 participants, including the laboratory analysis of water samples collected from water storage containers used in each household. Data collection tools The questionnaire was used to obtain information on behavioural characteristics of the participants concerning their knowledge, awareness of practices related to water contamination, storage and waste management. The laboratory analysis of stored water samples included testing for the presence of pathogenic organisms, testing of pH and an analysis of the macroscopic appearance of the water. Laboratory findings were compared in compliance with the South African Water Quality Guidelines for domestic use. Results Majority of the participants (98.5%) indicated they use municipal water services for their daily needs. It was found that most residents (88.1%) did not have any prior education on water storage and (76.6%) indicated a lack of understanding of water contamination. There was a lack of proper hand hygiene and handling of stored water among 48 households (18%). Almost all respondents indicated that they stored their domestic water in buckets which were kept closed when not in use, and (83.3%) indicated that they cleaned the storage containers by washing it in cold water only. It was found that half of the participants are unemployed and 32% of them use pit latrines as toilets. Most of the respondents found the taste of the water palatable. A positive total coliform count was found among 13 (5%) households in the study, rendering their drinking water a high risk for domestic use, 9/13 of these households used pit latrines. The high-risk coliform count, despite it only accounting for 5% of the population is of great concern. Testing results also showed a zero count for Escherichia coli (E.coli) making drinking water acceptable in terms of faecal coliform bacteria. Discussion and Conclusion Results indicate a clear need to develop educational programmes that will enhance knowledge of water contamination to improve water quality. These educational programmes need to focus on hygiene practices to minimise water contamination. Infrastructure development remains a key recommendation as it plays an important role in the removal of human faecal waste in the distribution of water to communal taps. The infrastructure development must entail the provision of more taps to avoid overcrowding and provision of flushable toilets as an effective waste removal method. While the Municipality has played a role in the removal of solid waste, more needs to be done to accommodate all residents in informal settlements to prevent illegal dumping which increases environmental pollution. Considering the variability of water storage periods (between a week to a month) due to the distance between settlements and collection points, the provision of low-cost quality storage containers and treatment chemicals by the Municipality is recommended. The Department of Housing, Water and Sanitation, Health, Education and other Non-Governmental organisations need strengthening of inter-sectoral collaboration to improve the quality of life in informal settlements. The National Water Act of 2003 outlines the role of local government concerning water resources of equitable allocation of water to all citizens and redistribution as well as removal of discriminatory laws that prevent equal access to water (Republic of South Africa – Government act 61 of 2003).
An evaluation of the waste management cycle utilised by fresh produce market informal traders in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal
(2021-05-27) Sahathu, Renisha; Ghuman, Shanaz; Kistnasamy, Joy
BACKGROUND: Informal markets are located at various Central Business Districts (CBD) within the eThekwini Municipality with hundreds of individuals visiting these markets due to the fresh produce and low prices that are available at these markets. There are no storage facilities that are provided to the traders for extended life span of their fresh produce hence there are large quantities of food waste or organic waste which is disposed of on a daily basis. These wastes are collected by Durban Solid Waste (DSW) regularly and are disposed of at one of the three active landfill sites within the municipality. Proper waste management of these wastes are imperative as the impacts of negative waste management has dire consequences to health, and the environment and can take up a large proportion of the municipal budget to correct those situations. Solid waste emanating from informal markets are the second highest municipal solid wastes after residential wastes that are landfilled. These wastes contain a high fraction of waste for which diversion alternatives exists however, these practices have not been implemented. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the waste management cycle utilized by fresh produce market informal traders in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. METHOD: A descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted using questionnaires that were administered to the participants. The questionnaires were the main research tool utilized for the study. The study was conducted at two markets within the Durban Municipality. These were the Early Morning Market and the Verulam Market of a total of seventeen markets within the municipality. Simple random samplings were used in order to achieve a degree of accuracy and representativeness. To achieve a 95% confidence level, participants were invited to respond to the study having signed the informed consent form. Descriptive statistics were presented in the form of graphs, cross tabulations and other figures for the quantitative data that was collected. The Pearson’s Chi-squared test was used where applicable for bivariate associations between categorical variables. Confidence intervals of 95% were calculated and p<0.005 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 197 of informal traders within the two markets responded to the questionnaire. The results indicated that 89.2% (n=173) were females while 10.8% (n=21) were males. The data revealed that 41.6% (n=82) of the informal traders did not have a formal education while 33.0% (n=65) had partial secondary education with 39.9% (n=77) being within this sector for between six to seven years. Only 0.5% (n=1) of the respondents indicated that they had additional occupations. Respondents sought information relating to their business and waste management mainly via the radio (n = 166, 84.3%) and word of mouth (n = 148, 75.1%). A portion of 39.6% (n=78) indicated that they received information via city brochures and pamphlets. Food waste was found to be the most prevalent waste stream that was generated by the informal traders as was reported by 99.5% (n=196) of the informal traders that responded. This was followed by the waste streams of paper (n=180, 91.4%), cardboard (n=176, 91.4%) and plastic packaging (n=171, 86.8%). Disposing of their waste at the storage facility that was provided by the market management was the most prevalent disposal method that was identified by the respondents (n=195, 99.0%) while 2.5% (n=5) identified that their wastes were landfilled while 4.1% (n=8) stated that they disposed of their waste via open dumping. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that the most prevalent waste streams that are generated by the fresh produce market informal traders do have alternative disposal methods instead of landfilling. The informal traders indicated that they would be willing to participate in recycling and composting programmes which must be implemented by the market management in conjunction with the local authorities. The study further indicated that the practices of waste management undertaken by the informal traders are influenced by the facilities that are provided by the municipality (p<0.005).
Food hygiene in the National Schools Nutrition Programme among primary schools in Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(2023-10) Madlala, Sithembile Sindisiwe; Reddy, Poovendhree; Mchunu, Nokuthula; Dalasile, Monica
Background: The National School Nutrition Programme is implemented by the Department of Basic Education in schools located in low-socio-economic communities. Municipal Health Services is legally mandated to monitor compliance of all food premises, including school kitchens to Regulation 638 of the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, (No. 54 of 1972). Food can become contaminated at any stage during processing, handling, and preparations, leading to foodborne outbreaks. Contamination of food is commonly facilitated through food contact surfaces and the hands of food handlers. Aim: The study aimed to assess the compliance of the food preparation and storage areas of schools to R638 of the Act and to identify the presence of food pathogens on food contact surfaces and hands of food handlers. Methods: Thirty-three primary schools offering NSNP meals were randomly selected in Bhekuzulu CMC, in Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in which a checklist was used to assess the compliance of 33 school food preparation and storage areas to the standard requirements of R638 of the Act. IBM SPSS Statistics 28.0 was used to analyse the checklist. Thirty swabs were aseptically collected from various food contact surfaces and metagenomic analysis was used to assess the prevalent bacteria genera on food contact surfaces. Results: The checklist revealed poor pest and vector control, inadequate provision of sanitary and hand washing facilities for food handlers, lack of training of food safety principles of the food handlers, and poor waste management. Pseudomonas (25-84%), Stenotrophomonas (0.9- 15%), Acinetobacter (0.9-16%), Rahnella (2-3%) and Pantoea (1-12%) were the most dominant genera on food contact surfaces. Discussion/Conclusion: The school food preparation and storage areas had structural shortfalls that required prioritisation to ensure school meals are prepared and stored in a safe and hygienic manner. School C had the most diverse bacterial community and abundance of bacterial species. Metagenomic analysis revealed a truer account of the bacteria genera prevalent in NSNP food contact surfaces, therefore introducing other potential sources of food contamination
Impact of HIV/AIDS scale-up on non-HIV priority services in Nyanza Province, Kenya
(2017) Opollo, Valerie Sarah Atieno; Puckree, Threethambal
Background: The HIV pandemic has attracted unprecedented scale-up in resources to curb its escalation and manage those afflicted. Although evidence from developing countries suggests that public health systems have been strengthened as a result of scale-up, only anecdotes exist in other countries. Despite scale-up, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is still high and the resultant mortality and morbidity demands a refocus. Furthermore, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has severely strained vulnerable health systems in developing countries leading to concerns among policy makers about non-HIV priority services. Although anecdotally, it is clear that HIV scale-up has had profound effects on health systems, available evidence does not allow for an assessment of the impact of such effects on health care access, service delivery or medical outcomes for non- HIV conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of HIV/AIDS scale-up on non-HIV priority services in the former Nyanza Province, Kenya. Additionally we determined the benefits and detriments of HIV programmes, and identified the elements of successful HIV programs and their effect on scale-up and last but not least determined the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of health care staff towards scale-up and integration of health care services. The first part of the main sequential study reviewed practices during scale-up by looking at public health facilities within the Province at Nyanza in Kenya. This looked at health management information systems (HMIS) and routine health facility client records for five years, 2009-2013 with a comparison of trends in 2009 to that in 2013. This data was reviewed in order to show trends in delivery of HIV priority and non-HIV services. The second part of the study utilized a prospective cross sectional survey to determine perceptions, attitudes and experiences xi of facility personnel towards HIV/AIDS scale up. Randomly sampled facilities involved in the delivery of any aspects of HIV diagnosis care and treatment were investigated. Self-administered questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to obtain information on impact of HIV services on non-HIV priority services on health managerial staff in the facilities and key informants who have shaped scale up. We created a qualitative codebook based on three major themes identified from the data: (1) Meaning and importance of HIV scale-up (2) Perspectives of scale-up on service delivery on non-HIV services and (Ministry of State for Planning) Health facility staff awareness. The findings indicate that the interventions that were utilized in the scale-up of HIV in 2009 resulted in significant increases in uptake of the service in 2013 (p<0.01) and total integration of HIV and non-HIV services at all the health facilities thereby contributing to improved health outcomes beyond those specifically addressed by HIV programs. This study has also shown that utilization of both HIV and non-HIV services increased significantly for both years after integrated HIV care was introduced in the health facilities (p<0.01). Notable increases were found for ANC utilization (p=0.09), family planning (p=0.09), screening for tuberculosis and malaria (p<0.01) and provision of support services (p<0.01) to HIV infected people. The scale up of HIV in the region had several human resource policy implications resulting from staff turnover and workload. Stakeholder engagement and sustainability are critical in the sustenance of these initiatives. Strategic alliances between donors, NGOs and the government underpinned the scale-up process. Policies around scale-up and health service delivery were vital in ensuring sustainability of scale- up and service integration. This study has attempted to provide evidence on the impact of HIV scale-up on non-HIV service delivery in three different settings, in two different time periods and it therefore concludes that the evidence is mixed with most of the impact being positive with some aspects that still needs development. It is critical to pursue the integration of HIV and non- HIV services in a strategic and systematic manner so as to maximize the public health impact of these efforts. The proposed model, best practices and practices requiring improvement will be communicated to the relevant ministries to ensure its integration into policy.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of sharps waste disposal by diabetic patients at home settings in uMzinyathi District Municipality
(2020-11-30) Ziqubu, Lihle Nomfundo; Sokhela, Dudu G.; Gabela, Sibusiso Derrick
Background Sharps waste is one of the categories of hazardous waste which must be properly managed. Sharps waste is hazardous and it should be disposed of in a proper manner. This waste has an ability to transmit diseases, as well as create a negative impact on the environment. The disposal of sharps waste generated in the community has been recognised as an area of public concern. There is a gap in proper disposal of sharps waste among diabetic patients in the home setting. Diabetic patients dispose of their sharps waste in different ways, but mainly in general waste. Umzinyathi District Municipality has semi-urban and rural areas with four sub-districts, namely, Nquthu, Endumeni, Umsinga and Umvoti. Umzinyathi District Mucipality has a substantial number of diabetic patients who are on insulin and who inject themselves at home. This study aims to describe the knowledge, attitude and practices on sharps waste disposal by diabetic patients at home. Methodology A quantitative, descriptive cross sectional study was used to investigate knowledge, attitude and practices on sharps waste disposal by diabetic patients at UMzinyathi District Municipality. A selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect data. A convenience consecutive sampling was used to sample respondents. A total number of 308 insulin-dependent diabetic patients from selected health facilities of UMzinyathi District Municipality, filled in the questionnaires. Results A majority of respondents n=149 (48.4%) disposed of their sharps waste in a toilet, while n=92 (29.8%) disposed of their sharps waste in general waste. Amongst those who responded, the majority n=193 (62.3%) were not educated on disposal of sharps waste; they had moderate knowledge of proper disposal of sharps waste. Most of the respondents practiced improper disposal of sharps waste. Conclusion Generally, the majority of the respondents n=193 (62.3%) lacked knowledge of safe and effective disposal of sharps waste. They were not educated in this regard, which had a negative influence on how they disposed of sharps waste. There are serious concerns regarding current practices of sharps waste disposal by diabetic patients at home.
A lifecycle evaluation of health care waste management by general practitioners in South Durban
(2019-09-05) Boodhram, Litonya; Kistnasamy, Emilie Joy; Baatjies, Roslynn; Euripido, Rico
Health care waste management (HCWM) poses a major risk due to its hazardous and deleterious effects on the environment and communities. It is imperative that specific and correct strategies from generation to final disposal, are implemented at all health care facilities (HCFs). A search of the literature has shown that many incorrect HCWM procedures have been found in HCFs, especially in developing countries. In South Africa, research on HCWM was mainly undertaken in municipal or government hospitals while it appeared to be non-existent in the private sector. This study therefore minimized this important gap in the private sector by investigating the lifecycle evaluation of HCWM by General Practitioners (GPs) in South Durban. The objectives included the following: 1) to assess the GPs‟ knowledge and practices of the hierarchy of waste principles; 2) to evaluate occupational risks associated with handling health care waste in GPs‟ surgeries and 3) to determine regulations utilized during the HCWM process in GPs‟ surgeries. GPs belonging to the Durban South Doctors Guild (DSDG) were assessed in a two staged interview process using a questionnaire and a regulations checklist. Overall, the results indicated that private practicing GPs in the South Durban area do practice HCWM in a responsible manner. Age appeared to play a significant role in terms of knowledge and practices. The areas of compliance showed that correct segregation was practiced by 92% of the sample group and 100% of the GPs utilized accredited waste collection services. Areas of concern were that while regular HCWM seminars were convened by the DSDG, the response rate was poor. Additionally, there seemed to be a lack of knowledge regarding the definition of infectious waste as 18% of GPs noted that their facilities did not produce this type of waste. The occupational risks appeared to be minimal with only 6% of GPs experiencing needle-stick injuries. The GPs were knowledgeable and practiced HCWM according to appropriate South African legislation. In response to the areas of concern, seven recommendations are proposed. This study established that HCWM in private practicing GPs surgeries in the South Durban area are being carried out correctly and in accordance with specific South African regulations and policies. It would also be beneficial when undertaking future research to obtain more holistic outcomes by including GPs who: a) are younger than the majority age group noted in this study; b) have their surgeries in other previously disadvantaged and under-resourced communities; c) are female and; d) are of African, White or Coloured descent.
A situation analysis and knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) study of waste management and recycling at the Durban University of Technology (DUT)
(2016) Mdlozini, George; Barratt, Graham James; Reddy, Poovendhree
The Durban University of Technology (DUT) signed the Taillores Declaration (TD) in an attempt to deal with environmental issues and subsequently waste management challenges. A few projects have been initiated within the institution to realise the TD ten point action plans. Currently there is limited data regarding the status quo at DUT. A quantitative descriptive study was conducted to analyse the situation with regards to waste management and recycling practices and to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of students towards waste management and recycling at DUT. An audit of the refuse receptacles was conducted and information obtained was plotted out on a map of two selected campuses. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the practices of waste management and recycling from nine departments. A total of 403 students from the Indumiso and Riverside campuses of DUT were recruited for the KAP study. The findings revealed that refuse receptacles are provided inconsistently and that there is a lack of planning around the provision of these receptacles. Departmental practices regarding waste management and recycling were found to vary from one department to the next. The KAP study results indicated that the students’ knowledge regarding waste management and recycling is poor and their attitudes and practices towards waste management and recycling may be improved by education and enforcement of policy. It is essential to develop a policy regarding waste management and recycling for DUT. In addition, a learning programme should be implemented for all new students entering DUT and during orientation.
Waste management in tourist accommodation establishments in King Sabata Dalindyebo local municipality coastal areas in the Eastern Cape
(2021-05-27) Mgambi, Nobesuthu; Ghuman, Shanaz
The study objectives were to identify the waste management strategies implemented in tourist accommodation establishments in Coffee Bay and Hole-in-the-Wall in Mqanduli coastal areas in the Eastern Cape; to assess the effectiveness of recycling initiatives in these accommodation establishments and to identify waste management practices as compared to policies and legislation. The study population was n=150, four questionnaires and checklists were used as data collection tool in accommodation establishments. The data was collected by the use of questionnaires and walkthrough observations using checklists. Each establishment was classified into four groups. The types of waste generated in all the different participants were: plastics (100%), wet waste (71.4), cardboards (33.3%), cans (33.3%), Paper (76.2%), Glass 28.6 % and Garden waste (23.8%). According to the data collected from the participants of different departments waste separation before disposal was as follows, managers (52 .4%), kitchen staff (15.4 %) and gardens (73.4%) separated waste before disposal. Recycling was mostly done in the garden which was mainly composting and by managers which was mainly cardboard and a small percentage of cans and tins. The results report the following trend on recycling on site: Managers (52.4%), gardeners (84.2%), cleaners and kitchen staff (31.1%) Tourist’s accommodation establishments (81%) did not have a waste management policy on site, (19%) claimed to have trained their staff on waste management whilst the majority was not trained on waste management. Knowledge of legislation was observed to be very less although some legislation was known. Waste management in tourist accommodation establishment needed more development and provision of a local recycling site is urgently needed.