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    Caregivers experiences of living with an adolescent who abuses drugs in the Sol Plaatjie Municipal area in the Northern Cape
    (2024) Ditshetelo, Nomonde Patience; Hillerman, L. A.; Sokhela, Dudu Gloria
    Aim Drug abuse by adolescents has devastating effects on the ability of their families and caregivers to function. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the caregiver’s lived experiences of living with an adolescent who was abusing drugs and receiving treatment in selected drug rehabilitation institutions. Research Design and Approach A qualitative, descriptive, and contextual with a phenomenological approach. was adopted to explore caregivers’ lived experiences living with adolescents who abuse drugs. Research setting The study was conducted at four purposively chosen Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) rehabilitation institutions situated in the Sol Plaatjie Municipality in Kimberly in the Northern Cape Province. Participants were recruited from selected rehabilitation government institutions and NGOs in the Sol Plaatjie Municipal area after full ethics approval was obtained from the DUT Institutional Research Ethics Committee (IREC). A non-probability purposive sampling, also known as the judgment sampling method, was used in this study. to interviews with 15 purposively selected caregivers whose adolescents were abusing drugs. Interviews were recorded and then simultaneously translated and transcribed. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes related to the experiences of caregivers of adolescents with a drug abuse problem. Results Results show that the behaviour of these adolescents created an environment that led to feelings of shame and embarrassment, family disintegration, conflicts, and communication breakdown, suicidal feelings, and stress related ailments of these caregivers. Participants experienced personal challenges which included psychological and emotional effects of fear, stress, pain, and self-blame. Participants also highlighted family disruptions and financial drain as adverse experiences as a result of their adolescents’ behaviour. Conclusion The study results highlighted the psychosocial challenges experienced by those caregivers of adolescents who abuse drugs. These findings underscore the need for efforts to be directed at the development of formal support interventions for caregivers of adolescents who are affected by this public health scourge.
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    A systematic review of the conservative treatment options and their effectiveness in the treatment of medical tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)
    (2021-05-27) Crous, Zanelé; Korporaal, Charmaine Maria
    Background: Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is a frequent lower extremity injury and a common cause of exertional leg pain in athletes and is commonly treated with conservative treatment regimes. However, there is a lack ofconservative treatment options in clinical practice that is not adequately reflected in the literature. An analysis would be able to determine the level of evidence in support of different treatment options for MTSS. Objectives: The aim of this dissertation was to review published literature regarding conservative treatment options for MTSS and provide recommendations to sports medicine clinicians for improved treatment and patient outcomes. Data sources: A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus was conducted, using the following search terms: shin splint, medial tibial stress syndrome, tibial stress injury, exercise induced leg pain, soleus syndrome, chronic periostalgia, conservative treatment, strapping, stretching, mobilisation, KT tape, electro-modalities, ultrasound, orthoses, chiropractic, shockwave treatment, physical therapy and rehabilitation. Study selection: All electronic or paper English articles, which possessed the required key indexing terms and represented randomised controlled study, non-randomised controlled study and observational study designs were included. Data extraction: Blinded review of the articles was conducted by eight independent reviewers utilising the PEDro (for randomised controlled trials), NOS for (non-randomised controlled trials) and Liddle (for observational studies). This allowed the methodological rigour of the article to be ranked. This ranking was compared to a critical appraisal of the article in order to achieve an overall decision with regards to the contribution of the article to the level of evidence for MTSS. Data synthesis: 30 review outcomes were aggregated around different clinical categories. It was concluded that the use of TENS, needling, electro-dry needling and strengthening programmes with additional interventions are moderately supported for use in the treatment of MTSS TII in clinical practice. There was evidence in support of rehabilitation programmes and conflicting evidence/no support for graded training programmes. The non-standard treatment options provided limited to moderate evidence against the use of the published interventions (orthotic and stretching, ultrasound and periosteal pecking, rest/immobilization cast,rest/phenylbutazone, rest/stretching of heel cord, rest/aspirin) in these studies, indicating that these practices should be excluded from clinical practice protocols until further research has been completed. The evidence was limited forindividual therapies (cryotherapy, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, ultrasound, extracorporeal shockwave therapy and the fascial distortion model), whereas there was no to limited evidence in support of the MYK system of intervention. Conclusion: The systematic review of MTSS TII revealed that the use of TENS, needling, electro-dry needling and strengthening programmes with additional interventions were found to have a moderate level of evidence, which may indicate theirappropriateness in the management of patients suffering from MTSS TII. Combination therapies or the use of individual therapies require future research in order to better define their contribution to the treatment of MTSS TII. Randomised controlled trials are the gold standard for research, as they have the greatest level of methodological quality, and should be used where possible when investigating the efficiency of interventions in the management of MTSS TII.