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Faculty of Health Sciences

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Weight training

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    The association between static biomechanical parameters and musculoskeletal injury in lower extremities in male recreational weight trainers
    (2022) Makada, Fahmeeda; Matkovich, Grant
    Background: Anatomical alignment of the lower extremity has been proposed as a risk factor for acute and chronic lower extremity injuries such as ACL injuries, patellofemoral syndrome, and plantar fasciitis. Lower extremity malalignment influences the load distribution on the joints, mechanical efficiency of the muscles and proprioceptive orientation and feedback from the hip and knee, resulting in altered neuromuscular function and control of the lower extremities. During recreational weight training, the weight trainer performs exercises with gradual load on machines or free weights, aimed to improve their muscular condition, fitness, power, or performance in other sports. The weight trainer uses his own bodyweight or specialised forms of equipment such as barbells, dumbbells and resistance training machines to target specific muscle groups and to perform specific joint actions. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to injury. Anatomical alignment – amongst others - is regarded as an intrinsic factor. Studies state that suggested risk factors for injuries include heavy loads in extreme joint positions, training frequency, intensity, volume, muscle strength, stability and foot morphology. Several studies have examined musculoskeletal injuries in specific weight training populations such as powerlifters, weightlifters and bodybuilders. Very few studies have investigated the recreational weight training population. The purpose of this study is to identify whether associations exist between the relevant biomechanical parameters and injury, to prevent or correct these abnormalities. Objectives: This study aimed to establish lower extremity static biomechanical parameters of the hip (flexion, extension and Craig’s test), knee (quadriceps angle and tibial torsion test), ankle (dorsiflexion, Feiss line, hindfoot, and forefoot alignment) and leg length discrepancy, and to establish if an association exists between the above- mentioned parameters and musculoskeletal injuries in the lower extremities in male recreational weight trainers. Method: 30 Male recreational weight trainers were recruited from fitness centres within the greater Durban area to the DUT Chiropractic clinic, where the assessment took place. Each participant was assessed for injury and static biomechanical measurements were taken. The statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 16. For normally distributed continuous variable the mean and 95% CI was done. Shapiro Wilk test was used to test for normality. For not normally distributed variables, median and interquartile range was performed. 15 participants were diagnosed as injured and 15 participants as uninjured. As the sample size of this study is small, Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate the association between two categorical variables. Results: The statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 16. For normally distributed continuous variables the mean and 95% CI were done and Shapiro Wilk test was used to test for normality. For not normally distributed variables, median and interquartile range were performed. As the sample size of this study is small, Fisher’s exact test was used to test the association between two categorical variables. Prevalence of injury was thus 50%. In the injured population, 46.67% were acute and chronic injuries. 16.67% of injuries were traumatic and 33.3% were non-traumatic. Fisher’s exact test was used to see the association between biomechanical measurement and existence of injury. Accordingly, Fisher’s exact test with p-value 0.036 indicated that there was enough evidence of association between right quadriceps angle and injury. The injured participants were more likely to have a low right quadriceps angle. However, the rest of the biomechanical measurements have no association with injury Conclusion: The injured participants were more likely to have a low right quadriceps angle. The rest of the biomechanical measurements have no association with injury.
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    Determining the normative value of the Functional Movement Screen™ in weightlifters in participating gyms within the eThekwini municipality, and its association to injury
    (2021-12-01) Singh, Shaista; Sobuwa, Simpiwe; Bruijns, Stevan
    Background: Weightlifting is an increasing popular form of fitness. Weightlifters train exceptionally hard in their daily training regimes, as well as for competitions. Despite the popularity of this high intensive and explosive training, there is no normative value determined for weightlifters in the eThekwini Municipality, South Africa, to compare themselves against and track their progress or regression or to use as a benchmark when beginners adopt a new training programme. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) is a pre-participation assessment which analyses the movements of its participants according to seven exercises, which form the basics of fundamental movement patterns. This assessment allows an analysis of dysfunctional movement patterns to be identified. Aims: The aim of this study has been to assess weightlifters according to the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™), to determine a normative value and examine their FMS™ score in relation to prior injury or musculoskeletal dysfunction. Methods: The methodology of this study included assessing 89 weightlifters from participating gym on the FMS™ in order to achieve a normative score of weightlifters within the eThekwini Municipality. Thereafter, participants were contacted telephonically and asked to provide information about their age, height, weight, number of years training, and an injury profile, including how long ago any injury occurred, how long the injury took to heal, the severity of the injury according to the pain rating numerical scale and what form of treatment they received for their injury. The mean FMS™ was then determined for the weightlifters within the eThekwini Municipality and an analysis was made between FMS™ score and injury sustained to determine whether the FMS™ is able to predict injury in this population. Results: The sample population of 89 revealed that the mean FMS™ score for weightlifters in participating gyms within the eThekwini Municipality is 13.88 out of 21. There is no correlation made between FMS™ score and injury and therefore there is no association to injury and FMS™ score in this sample population. There are significant findings in the scoring of the FMS™ exercises showing that weightlifters adapt their own lifting technique in order to lift their desired weight at the velocity expected. The most common recorded injuries are to the shoulder, followed by the knee. The most common injury sustained is musculature in nature and the most common treatment received for injury was physiotherapy. Conclusion: The normative value for weightlifters in participating gyms within the eThekwini Municipality is 13.88 out of 21 for the FMS™. It has been established that weightlifters deviate from the ideal movement pattern to develop stability and strength to lift their desired weights at explosive outputs. There was no link found between FMS™ score and injury and no correlation made between age, height, weight and number of years training and the FMS™ score.
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    A musculoskeletal injury profile of weight trainers at gyms within the eThekwini municipality
    (2021-12-01) Dhlamini, Wabo; Maharaj, P.; Pastellides, A.
    Background Weight training is an ancient practice that has been growing and evolving over time. It has gained more popularity in modern times due to its benefits for the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Although weight training has been associated with numerous benefits, there are also documented risks of injury associated with it. There are several gyms within the eThekwini municipality where people perform weight training exercises and possibly sustain injuries related to weight training. However, there is a paucity of literature relating to this group of individuals, some of whom are not professional athletes and could possibly be at higher risk of sustaining injuries. The aim of this research was to ascertain the musculoskeletal injury profile of weight trainers at gyms within the eThekwini municipality. Methodology This research was a quantitative cross-sectional survey; a questionnaire was used as the research tool. The questionnaire was administered to 322 participants who met the inclusion criteria. Individuals who read the letter of information and signed the consent form were allowed to participate in the research. Once completed, the consent forms and questionnaires were placed in different boxes by the researcher in order to maintain confidentiality. The results of the research were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 25) to determine statistical significance, wherein a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The logistics regression model was used to analyse the relationship between one dependent binary variable and independent nominal variables. Results and discussion There was a 100% response rate and of the 322 participants in the research, only 31.4% had sustained at least one injury related to weight training. The majority of the participants were males (90.4%). Furthermore, there was a higher number of injuries sustained when using free weights (88.1%) as compared to weight training machines (11.8%). Most injuries were sustained while performing the barbell shoulder press (18.8%). The shoulder was the anatomical location with the highest injury frequency (31.7%). Muscle strains (40.5%) were the most common types of injuries. Risk factors that were found to have a significant effect on injury were individuals within the age group 32-38 years who sustained 48.9% of the reported injuries. Individuals who had sustained injuries in the past (p=0.017) were also at higher risk of sustaining other injuries. The number of hours spent weight training (p=0.017) were also found to increase the risk of sustaining injuries. Conclusion The findings of this study show that there are certain anatomical locations that are more prone to injury than others. Weight training, just like any other type of exercise, can predispose one to injury, but the rate of injury due to weight training is generally low. The most prevalent types of injuries were muscle strains and joint sprains, with a few rare exceptions of serious injuries such as muscle tears and bone fractures.