Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
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Item Integrated model for enhancing value management performance in the construction industry(2024-05) Olubukola, Iyiola Comfort; Mewomo, Modupe CeciliaThe introduction and integration of Value Management (VM), originally stemming from the manufacturing sector, has been actively promoted within the construction industry to enhance project delivery performance and its economic impact. Regrettably, the application of VM in construction faces several formidable challenges. These challenges can be attributed to various factors, including the transplantation of a management concept from manufacturing without adequate consideration of the specific variables and conditions conducive to VM's effective application in the construction sector. This research diligently investigated and formulated the variables essential for achieving optimal VM performance, thereby ensuring the appropriate application of VM principles in the construction industry. The study employed a comprehensive research methodology, encompassing the sequential exploratory mixed-method research involving both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative aspect involved a Delphi study supported by relevant literature, engaging fourteen experts in a three-stage process. The insights obtained through the Delphi process aided in identifying the key dimensions (both primary and secondary) that contribute to the effectiveness of VM in the Nigerian construction industry. The findings derived from the Delphi study and the review of existing literature culminated in the development of a five-component model for enhancing VM performance in the Nigerian construction sector. These components comprise integration, collaboration, standardization, utilization of digital technologies, and the fostering of a conducive corporate culture. Subsequently, a quantitative survey employing questionnaires was conducted among professionals in the built environment. Over a three-month period, 202 completed questionnaires were collected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Initially, a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 to present the demographic information of the respondents. Furthermore, the study embraced structural equation modeling (SEM) utilizing the partial least squares (PLS) approach, leveraging the SmartPLS version 4 software. This analytical framework aimed to identify the constructs that most significantly influence effective VM performance and subsequently construct a model for improving VM performance in the Nigerian built environment. The methodological process, coupled with extensive analysis, pinpointed the constructs with direct influence and robust relationships with the outcome variables. This analysis encompassed assessments of indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, collinearity, explanatory power of the model, predictive relevance of the model, goodness of fit indices, path significance, and several other quality checks, culminating in the formulation of the final VM performance model (referred to as Model 2.0). The questionnaire findings substantiated that these constructs collectively serve as predictors of VM performance in the Nigerian construction industry. Additionally, the study unearthed that the performance indicators for VM in construction are associated with the benefits of adopting VM, which include cost savings, efficient time management, improved project management, and the elimination of delays. This study offers contributions to existing knowledge on three fronts: theoretical, methodological, and practical. Theoretical contributions encompass the recognition that existing constructs for modeling VM performance in construction are incomplete without the inclusion of corporate culture and digital technologies. Furthermore, the study highlights the most critical construct for predicting VM performance in the Nigerian construction industry. Methodologically, the study contributes by employing a mixed research approach, providing a comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand. The Delphi study enabled input from construction industry professionals to identify previously unaddressed indicators, while SEM effectively considers the indicators used in measuring the constructs and provides guidelines for adding or eliminating indicators. This methodological approach has facilitated the creation of a comprehensive VM model tailored to the Nigerian construction industry. On the practical front, the study aids construction stakeholders in improved project planning by identifying key variables that ensure VM performance. In conclusion, this study recommends that similar research should be conducted in other developing countries. It also underscores the importance of corporate culture in promoting integration and collaboration within the Nigerian construction sector. Furthermore, the utilization of digital technologies is encouraged to facilitate stakeholder collaboration. Finally, stakeholders in the Nigerian construction industry are advised to align their VM practices with the five-factor model, with particular emphasis on integration, collaboration, and fostering effective corporate culture as pivotal components.Item Management of e-waste in the South African construction industry : a literature review(IEOM Society International, 2023) Nkosi, Thalente Lungile; Adedeji, Jacob; Jele, Nkosinathi; Hadebe, PhumzileIn complacence with the ever-growing industrialization of different sectors, more specifically the construction sector, electrical and electronic waste management is becoming a global challenge in the construction industry posing significant environmental and health challenges. E-waste, if managed effectively, will release significant economic, resource and ecological benefits. Most of the construction companies have no information about electronic waste management, electronic devices that come from the seller while damaged are sent back to the supplier for exchange. Electronics that could not be repaired are sold to scrap yards and some are sent directly into the dumpsite, however, there were some electronic wastes stored inside the premises and others stored at the back of the premises directly into the ground, which decomposes and possibly affect the environment. The construction companies feel that it is the government's responsibility to provide money for electronic waste management otherwise there is no way they could manage e-waste in their business because it will not be profitable or else the users must take care of their electronic waste. The secondary data was collected through a detailed review of extant literature. In contrast, the primary data was collected using a qualitative method through interviewing the construction professionals. Twelve industry professionals were invited to participate in an interview but ten were present and able to participate, representing an 83% response rate. This paper seeks to assess how electrical and electronic waste are managed in the South African construction industry.Item Building information modelling technologies for intelligent road engineering design, construction and digital twinning(2023-09) Yunos, Shuaib; Allopi, DhirenRoads form an integral part of civil infrastructure, providing safe and reliable access from a point of origin to a destination. With the rapid growth in population, urbanisation, and the pursuit of smart cities, the pressure on effective road design, construction, and maintenance is ever-increasing, with sustainability and innovation being at the focal point to derive better and more intelligent ways to accomplish this infrastructure requirement. With this influx of demand, traditional processes are put under strain, resulting in roads being designed inadequately, impacting the safety and service, exploration of minimal alternative routes due to time pressure or lack of information, material wastage affecting design sustainability and construction cost, and poor maintenance affecting safety and design life. With the progression in technology, building information modelling (BIM) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to plan, design, construct and manage buildings and infrastructure more efficiently. BIM has been implemented, adopted, and mandated by many countries across the world, seen as an intelligent, innovative necessity for enhanced civil infrastructure design, construction, and maintenance. This leads to the question of BIM on civil infrastructure projects, with the focus being roads, and how would it compare to the traditional way of accomplishing road projects. In this regard, an in-depth investigation into the application and impact of BIM technologies across a typical road project had been conducted. This was achieved by describing the processes associated with a typical project when employing a traditional and BIM approach across 9 stages of the project lifecycle. This methodology effectively allowed for a detailed comparison between the two approaches, with the findings collated. The dissertation also expands on what is BIM, its levels, dimensions, benefits, its application on projects across various continents, its role in digital twinning and smart cities, its presence and development globally, its presence and development in Africa, as well as the hurdles experienced in its adoption and implementation and recommendations on how to overcome them. The conclusion arrived at was that BIM provides a plethora of advantages across the road project lifecycle, resulting in innovative, economical, and sustainable civil infrastructure, paving the way to enhanced operations and maintenance and digital twinning in the pursuit of smart cities, correlating with BIM being mandated by countries across the globe and various literature confirming its positive impact. The BIM approach outperformed the traditional approach across all stages of a typical road project lifecycle, conforming to the MacLeamy curve. The BIM technologies applied to derive and illustrate this conclusion were BIM technologies developed by Autodesk and the Devotech Group of Companies. It was also observed that whilst BIM has been around since the 1970s, BIM is still seen as a new concept, particularly in the civil infrastructure industry, and whilst professionals acknowledge its advantages, they are resistant to change, overwhelmed by how to become BIM ready, or do not know where to turn to for guidance, particularly in South Africa, Africa, and other developing countries. Other main challenges observed were those of education, training and upskilling, upfront cost, and the absence of a BIM mandate, as well as challenges specific to Africa were unpacked such as infrastructure gaps, skill gaps, digital division, and digital transformation.Item An appraisal of building information modelling technology in building construction and maintenance in Africa : a case of Nigeria and South Africa(2023-05) Toyin, James Olaonipekun; Mewomo, Modupe CeciliaBuilding Information Modelling technology (BIM-T) continues to gain attention. Its adoption creates a platform that allows the built environment professionals to share project information through a common database. At the same time, there is an increased perception that implementing BIM on construction projects will positively influence building production throughout its lifecycle. Recent studies have revealed a low level of BIM implementation in the African construction industry. Currently, the utilisation of BIM for building production has received a significant acceptance rate in developed regions, while in African countries, it is still at an infant stage. Moreover, previous studies have established that BIM application comes with various barriers. These barriers contribute to its low adoption, application and implementation. Nevertheless, there are still some notable benefits and impacts on building production, which have been the main drivers for its continual adoption. Therefore, this study aimed to research BIM-T applications in African countries, focusing on the Nigerian and South African construction industries. The goals are to assess its level of awareness, usage, barriers hindering its application/implementation and benefits accruable with its adoption. BIM impacts the building production lifecycle and determines the strategies to promote its application among construction professionals for sustainable construction in developing countries. To achieve the objective of this research, an extensive review of the literature was conducted on usage, barriers to BIM adoption, application/implementation, benefits of adopting BIM, its impacts on building production, and strategies to promote its application/implementation. A structured questionnaire elicited constructive data from the Nigerian built environment professionals (NIA, NIOB, NIQS, and NSE) and the South African construction-related professionals (SACPCMP). The web-based (Google form) questionnaire was distributed online. According to the distribution among the professionals, 276 and 105 respondents indicated their willingness and availability to participate in the research from Nigeria and South Africa, respectively. The generated data was analysed using the following descriptive measures: mean item score (M.I.S), relative important index (RII), ranking and frequency and quantitative inferential analysis (factor analysis, pairwise comparison, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis). It was found that there is a significant increase in the level of BIM awareness among Nigerian and South African construction professionals compared to previous findings. 98.55% and 96.19% of respondents, respectively affirmed that they are aware of BIM. Nevertheless, these findings established that there are still BIM-related barriers peculiar to both countries; the top common three barriers are low computer skills among some of the professionals, habitual resistance to change from the traditional style of design and build, and government's unwillingness to support BIM use. These barriers could be responsible for the professional’s low level of BIM tool usage. The study also revealed that all 13 identified BIM benefits are significantly important in both countries. From this, it could be concluded that BIM application has significantly improved the production of buildings through its contribution to performing tasks from building design to post-construction stages. Finally, the respondents identified the need for foundational knowledge in an educational institution on BIM tool use and its applications as a critical area of focus that could assist the promotion of BIM. This study has extensively documented the various research contributions carried out in this study's area of focus. The preliminary survey result concludes that the findings will assist the professional body in making intelligent decisions and adequate measures to advance the adoption, application/implementation of BIM among their members. It will also inform the institutions about what is required from their construction graduates to improve their employability in the industry.Item Academic training evaluation of building technology programme(Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, 2022-08-01) Obaju, Biodun; Fagbenle, Olaposibo; Amusan, Lekan; Olaniran, TemitopeTraining evaluation is one method through which tertiary institutions examine the effectiveness of the training they deliver in order to establish their students' readiness for the workplace. However, several higher institutions' evaluation methods have been confined to assessment in tests and exams without considering the knowledge and competencies acquired by students via training in fulfilling workplace expectations. Hence, the study assessed the training received by Building technology graduates in construction management and construction technology courses. The study adopted the Kirkpatrick model's first two stages of training evaluation (Reaction and Learning levels) with a questionnaire distributed to purposively selected Building technology graduates from two polytechnics in Southwestern Nigeria using a snowball sampling technique. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistical tools. The study's findings show that respondents were satisfied with the training acquired and possess the basic competency from the training. However, the graduates lack sufficient knowledge of laws and regulations governing construction work, the use of computer programme for planning and scheduling projects and the ability to use tools and equipment for construction work. The study findings imply that building graduates would be unable to work adequately in the construction industry without additional training, putting enormous strain on construction firms to re-training them to meet their expectations. Tertiary institutions need to revamp their training strategies and methods for students to improve their competency to strive in the construction industry.Item Appraisal of career development among female professionals in the South African construction industry(2022-05-13) Zungu, Hlumelo T.; Aiyetan, Olatunji Ayodeji; Mewomo, M. C.Every human being aspires to attain to the top of his or her career. Failure results in dissatisfaction, poor productivity, and lack of interest and proper engagement in the career. The study aims to appraise career development (CD) among female professionals in the construction industry in South Africa. The study was conducted among registered female professionals in the SA construction industry. The purposive sampling technique was employed in reaching the sample. The sample frame comprised of registered female professionals within the South African Council for Project and Construction Management Profession (SACPCMP). The total number of registered professionals is 158 and the whole population was taken as the sample size. The questionnaire to the study was administered to the respondents online using Google forms survey. A total of 67 questionnaires were returned filled, representing 42.4% achieved rate.The inferential statistics was used for data analysis. The findings indicated that gender discrimination has a significantinfluence on females’ participation in CD in the construction industry. Training and continuing education in the construction industry’s influences contribution to CD for female professionals, family, and social commitments are impediments to career development for female professionals. Passion mostly motivates the interest in the career choice of females in the construction industry and the factor that most enhances the successof female professionals in career development is education. Recommendations include that policies put in place should be such that women are represented at all levels and the opportunities are granted fairly to ensure that females are not discriminated against. Provision for training programs be made and salaries for femaleprofessionals should be adjusted such that there is an allowance to cater for domestic assistance. Females should pursue or obtain higher degrees to be successful in career development in the construction industry. These qualifications are such that females couldbe placed in managerial positions. Therefore, the following post-graduate programs are recommended: Construction Management, Human Resource Management, Industrial Psychology, and many othersItem Reducing material waste with the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM)(2019) Mall, Ayesha; Aiyetan, Olatunji AyodejiEvery year approximately 13 million tonnes of unused materials go to waste from construction sites. Construction professionals should strive to reduce wastage through the principle of right-first-time. Material waste directly affects the profitability of the contractor and it is a measure of competency and competitive advantage. The construction has a great influence on several industries by procuring products, as well as by providing products to other industries, therefore, by reducing waste there could be great cost savings to the construction industry. The Building Information Modelling (BIM) tool can be used in a construction of a project to motivate the design, construction, and operation of a project from start to finish. Therefore, the 3D BIM model can assist the construction industry in reducing material waste. The aim of this study is to identify the main causes of waste in the South African construction industry and develop a flow chart through the application of BIM to reduce waste. The objectives of the study include the identification of causes and sources of material waste on construction and the use of BIM to aid in waste minimisation. The tools used for data collection included questionnaires and site observations. The sample population for data collection included architects, project managers, quantity surveyors, and engineers. A programme called Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) was employed to analyse the data. Mean score rankings, factor analysis, and Cronbach alpha test were adopted for data analysis. The structured questionnaire indicated whether construction professionals in South Africa have sufficient knowledge of BIM. Key research findings indicate that BIM has the ability to assist in reducing material waste. BIM enhances practices such as collaboration, detailing, visualisation and simulation, clash detection and improved communication. BIM has a strong influence on the reduction of waste material. BIM has the potential to address the causes of waste, relative to design changes, ineffective coordination and communication, and improvements towards waste minimisation through the construction stage of a project. The results from the data analysis, revealed that the most common contribution to waste on a construction site included material handling and storage factors, design and documentation factors, procurement factors, site management and practice factors and operation factors. The use of the developed flow chart on the application of BIM in the delivery of a project will minimize material waste. The model developed is recommended to be adopted for use in the South African construction industry for the delivery of projects with minimal wastage costs.Item Improving efficiency and effectiveness in the design, manufacturing and construction of the beam and block slab systems(2015) Khuzwayo, Bonga PraiseGod; Boorsma, Pieter; Walker, Malcolm Alan HenworthBeam and block slab systems have become a preferred suspended flooring technology in South Africa. Their structural efficiency and relatively low cost makes them suitable for low to medium cost developments. Like all other structural components, they are required to demonstrate sound structural integrity. Concerns were raised by some manufacturers and users in Durban (South Africa) about (a) the lack of basic technical information which makes it difficult to identify methods of improving efficiency and effectiveness of these flooring systems in general, (b) the efficiency and effectiveness of concrete masonry rebated filler blocks - with respect to the load carrying capacity and protecting the structural topping from fire, (c) what constitutes acceptable quality of a deliberately roughened precast concrete surface, (d) interfacial tensile bond strength of special connections and (e) an alternative rib that can span 5 metres without temporary props. These issues were investigated by the student. Thus, this project aimed at improving the structural efficiency and effectiveness in designing, manufacturing and constructing beam and block slab systems was undertaken in Durban, South Africa, between 2012 and 2013. Pilot studies (involving questionnaires), interviews with manufacturers, site visits, and testing of non-structural and structural components were also undertaken. The first aim (in order to address concern (a)) was to provide users of beam and block slab systems with basic technical information about the possible ways to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the design, manufacturing and construction of beam and block slab systems by undertaking an exploratory (pilot) study to better understand users of these systems concerns. The second aim (to address concern (b)) was to investigate, by conducting a series of strength to weight ratio tests, how efficient or inefficient these filler blocks are, examine the structural integrity with respect to the integrity of the manufacturing methodologies and the product thereof, and formulate a method to quantify the fire-resistivity of concrete masonry rebated filler blocks to the structural topping with respect to confining fire. The third aim (to address concern (c)) was to determine what constituted acceptable quality of a deliberately roughened precast concrete surface through a literature review and by conducting a survey to learn about the construction methodologies used by manufacturers. Site visits were undertaken to validate information given by the contractors. The fourth aim (to address concern (d)) was to determine interfacial tensile bond strength through physical testing of deliberately roughened concrete ribs which are sometimes used in special connections. The fifth aim (to address the last concern (e)) was to make an assessment by undertaking a basic comparison study between one local beam and block slab system that uses a shallow rectangular precast pretensioned rib to beam and block slab systems used in the United Kingdom and propose an ideal section (precast pretensioned rib) that spans up to 5 metres without temporary props. With respect to the first aim, it was found that the lack of technical knowledge, including access to critical information about the design philosophy, manufacturing and construction standards of these flooring systems leads to reluctance in selecting them. The outcome of the second aim is that all concrete masonry rebated filler blocks tested were found to be effective because they supported more than the required construction load but some were shown to be inefficient as more materials, such as binders, are wasted in producing over-strength filler blocks and also, undertaking trial mix designs and the testing of samples prior to batch production will reduce costs. A method is formulated in the thesis that could also show that concrete masonry rebated filler blocks provide significant protection to the structural topping thereby preventing fire progression. With respect to the third aim, although a broom or brush is effective in providing a surface roughness (Rz) of 3 mm, it is not always efficient when considering factors like the variation in uniformity, appearance of laitance and roughening frequency, which are not addressed by the South African codes. The outcome of the fourth aim is that connections should be designed such that they do not rely purely on the tensile bond strength but through reinforcing bars (or ties) taking the full tension load causing delamination. With respect to the fifth aim, a basic comparison study indicates that T-section beams are more efficient than common rectangular ribs (±150 mm wide x ±60 mm deep) since they can eliminate completely the use of temporary props for spans of up to 4.51 m. Consequently, further research is underway to design an inverted T-section rib by using high strength precast pretensioned concrete that can span up to 5 m without using temporary props.