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    Cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in outdoor open raceway pond using domestic wastewater as medium in arid desert region
    (Elsevier, 2016) Dahmani, Siham; Zerrouki, Djamal; Ramanna, Luveshan; Rawat, Ismail; Bux, Faizal
    Chlorella pyrenoidosa was cultivated in secondary wastewater effluent to assess its nutrient removal capa-bilities. Wastewaters were obtained from a wastewater treatment plant located in Ouargla, Algeria. The experiments were conducted in winter under natural sunlight in an outdoor open raceway pond situated in the desert area. The highest biomass of the microalgae was found to be 1.71 ± 0.04 g/L. Temperatures ranged between 18 and 31 C. The average annual insolation was no less than 3500 h with an annual solar irradiance of more than 2000 kWh/m2. Analyses of different parameters including COD, NH4-N and TP were conducted throughout the cultivation period. Their average removal efficiencies were 78%, 95%and 81% respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of nutrient removal by microalgae grown on secondary wastewater in arid areas.
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    Contribution of wastewater irrigation to Soil Transmitted Helminths infection among vegetable farmers in Kumasi, Ghana
    (National Centre for Biotechnology Information, 2016-12-06) Amoah, Isaac Dennis; Abubakari, Amina; Stenstrom, Thor Axel; Abaidoo, Robert Clement; Seidu, Razak
    Wastewater irrigation is associated with several benefits but can also lead to significant health risks. The health risk for contracting infections from Soil Transmitted Helminths (STHs) among farmers has mainly been assessed indirectly through measured quantities in the wastewater or on the crops alone and only on a limited scale through epidemiological assessments. In this study we broadened the concept of infection risks in the exposure assessments by measurements of the concentration of STHs both in wastewater used for irrigation and the soil, as well as the actual load of STHs ova in the stool of farmers and their family members (165 and 127 in the wet and dry seasons respectively) and a control group of non-farmers (100 and 52 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). Odds ratios were cal-culated for exposure and non-exposure to wastewater irrigation. The results obtained indi-cate positive correlation between STH concentrations in irrigation water/soil and STHs ova as measured in the stool of the exposed farmer population. The correlations are based on reinfection during a 3 months period after prior confirmed deworming. Farmers and family members exposed to irrigation water were three times more likely as compared to the con-trol group of non-farmers to be infected with Ascaris (OR = 3.9, 95% CI, 1.15–13.86) and hookworm (OR = 3.07, 95% CI, 0.87–10.82). This study therefore contributes to the evi-dence-based conclusion that wastewater irrigation contributes to a higher incidence of STHs infection for farmers exposed annually, with higher odds of infection in the wet season.