Faculty of Management Sciences

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The ability of the South African Small Medium Enterprise Development Programme to promote economic growth and employment
(2008) Jessup, Dylan; Myburgh, Cornelius; Raap, Peter John
The ability of the South African Small Medium Enterprise Development Programme to promote economic growth and employment. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) offers the Small Medium Enterprise Development Programme (SMEDP) incentive grant programme to qualifying manufacturers in South Africa. The status of the progress of this incentive grant programme is unknown. The DTI alluded to an impact study in the 2004 DTI Annual Report but no further reference or publication of results of the impact study has been made. The objectives of the study are to investigate the following three criteria of the SMEDP and to develop benchmarks and recommendations for future incentive grants offered by the DTI. • Rationale for implementation of SMEDP; • Exploration of SMEDP merits; and • Measure of SMEDP success. The study is a secondary analysis design with both qualitative and quantitative components. The qualitative component allows the researcher to reflect on the process by which the incentive programme under investigation came into being, whilst the quantitative component allows for comment on the result of the process as per the markers developed in the qualitative component of the design. There were 152 sample cases used in the study. The outcome measures are the output measures stated in the Medium Term Strategic Plan which are: • The number of jobs sustained. v i • The number of jobs created. • The number of Greenfield’s projects supported. • The fixed investment in Rand terms. • The improvement in employment levels. The DTI achieved certain of the stated objectives. The empirical data analysed confirms the achievement of these objectives. There is scope for further empirical investigation for the future development of incentive grants. The contribution of the SMEDP to economic growth and employment growth is evident and such government interventions should be continued. The recommendations from the study include further investigation into the following areas to improve the benefits provided by manufacturing incentive programmes: • Limit the incentive to a specified Rand value per job created; • Volume driven turnover growth not price driven turnover growth; • The continued inclusion of expansions in future programme; and • Specified sector programmes i.e. textile sector.
Analysing rural tourism motivation factors and ICT adoption with specific reference to Malealea Lodge in Lesotho
(2015) Tsephe, Neo Puleng; Mnguni, Erasmus M.; Eyono Obono, Seraphin Desire
Tourism can be classified either as urban tourism or as rural tourism, and it is one of the fastest growing industries globally. Rural tourism is usually associated with rural development because it has strong linkages to rural resources; but it remains underdeveloped compared to urban tourism. This underdevelopment of rural tourism serves as a motivation for this study whose aim is to examine the factors affecting the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists especially in this digital world where Information Communication and Technology (ICTs) is pervasive. In fact, ICT has transformed the travel industry in a remarkable way. The objectives of this study were: I) to select suitable theories that can explain the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; ii) to design a conceptual model of the factors affecting the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; iii) to empirically test the planned conceptual model of the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists, and, iv) to recommend measures to be taken for the improvement of the satisfaction levels of rural tourists to the point where they can significantly contribute to the full development of rural tourism. These objectives were achieved using content analysis of existing literature on rural tourism satisfaction and through a survey of tourists from the Malealea Lodge which is located in the Mafeteng District, in the Mountain Kingdom of Lesotho. The results of this study are the following: I) the push and pull motivation theory was selected to explain the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; ii) rural tourism demographics, their push and pull motivation, and their level of ICT adoption were hypothesized as the factors that affect tourists satisfaction with their rural tourism experiences; iii) the satisfaction of rural tourists with their rural tourism experience is affected by their occupations (demographic factor), by their level of ICT adoption, and by their pull motivation; and this satisfaction is not affected by other demographic attributes nor by the push motivation of rural tourists; iv) it is recommended that rural tourism marketing be increased in order to attract clients from other regions besides Africa and Europe and other age groups apart from young Africans which were found by xiii this study to be the biggest rural tourism clientele group, and that peace and security be maintained in rural tourism destinations as these two attributes were found to have an effect on the perceived satisfaction of rural tourism. Finally, more research should be conducted on the effect of ICT adoption on rural tourism satisfaction.
Analysis of consumption patterns and their effects on social cohesion from a Zulu cosmology perspective
(2017) Lombo, Sipho; Msweli, Pumela
Using historic and ethnographic data collected from KwaZulu-Natal, this study examines food consumption from the Zulu Cosmology epistemic point of view. The study highlights as a prosocial behaviour that reduces the importance of self in favour of pro social norms of sharing and selflessness. In other words, personhood is understood as a process and the product of interconnectedness experienced in social spaces. Pro-social behaviour is therefore seen as a determinant of harmonious and social cohesive communities. The study concluded that social cohesive communities develop a set of cultural protocols and boundaries that reward prosocial norms and punish antisocial behaviour. Social cohesion as a concept was also found to be inseparable from the notion of shared values, identities and norms. The study delved deeper and found that the land, the livestock and the cultural rituals to honour the living and the dead defined a unique interconnectedness of the Zulu person to his culture. Eating and eaten products were part of a uniting culture that linked a Zulu man, woman, girls, old men and women to other people, their animals and their land. Zulu people lived for, and with, other people in peace. No man or family would go hungry. Immediately that becomes known, another man would give the destitute man a few cattle to start his own flock and feed his family. This and other eating rituals contributed to a strong, peaceful and social cohesive nation of King Shaka ka Senzangakhona. On the basis of the understanding of the cultural rituals, their link with the land and animal the study concluded that land restitution and agrarian policies can be enhanced by taking into consideration their need for land to cultivate vegetables and fruits that have cultural meaning, policies that enable to have livestock as well as space to practise their culture. The study is envisaged to inspire social welfare and community development policies that instil the prosocial values of Ubuntu and interconnectedness.
An appraisal of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives in the tourism industry in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal
(2020-05) Doncabe, Thembeka; Chetty, Gopalkrishna
The aim of the study is to assess current Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities employed across the tourism industry in Durban, with the primary objective of the study to examine the extent to which the tourism industry in Durban engages in CSR activities. CSR is an important part of sustainable development and should be merged with company values, described as comprising of human rights, monitoring, stakeholders’ rights and employee rights. In South Africa (SA), CSR has been evident for a number of years, with its nature and context shaped by apartheid. With tourism being part of the service industry, it is of great importance that these stakeholders are put at the forefront. Globalisation pressure and the increasing burden on governments to provide comprehensive social services has resulted in the need to better understand how organisations play a role in sharing these burdens. The city of Durban has an extensive tourism and hospitality industry that grows continuously annually and as such, industry players should initiate and participate in CSR programmes. Global changes with travellers and the industry are greatly influencing the implementation of CSR in Durban. Study findings are based on a sample of 96 respondents, with a response rate of 76 percent for the selfadministered questionnaire employed for data collection from 4-and 5-star accommodation establishments in Durban, as well as domestic airlines that service KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Results suggest the Durban tourism and hospitality industry is fairly involved in CSR, with a few exceptions. Nonetheless, many respondents indicated challenges they face in CSR initiative implementation, including the lack of assistance from organisations that drive tourism. They believe further training on CSR implementation and support would greatly influence levels of CSR implementation. The findings in this study reveal that environmental impact measures and or activities are at the forefront of CSR activities for both airlines and the hotel sector. Activities with the environmental impact measures include minimising energy consumption, such as using energy saving globes and solar panels, waste minimisation, waste recycling, and protection of the natural environment. Findings derived from the study will unveil more opportunity regarding CSR in Durban and will inform those organisations involved in tourism promotion and development to act accordingly in assisting industry participants.
Assessing customer satisfaction from the services delivered by Eskom Academy of Learning (EAL) : a case study of Eskom KwaZulu-Natal Operating Unit
(2023) Thusi, Cynthia Zibuyile; Xulu-Gama, Nomkhosi
The Eskom Academy of Learning in KZN (KwaZulu-Natal) occupies the role of Learning and Development; therefore, it provides training to employees for the sole purpose of closing the competency gap by building a highly skilled workforce that will meet the strategic objectives of the organization. The main purpose of this study was to assess the services delivered by Eskom Academy of Learning, with a particular focus in Eskom KZN. The three objectives of the study were to assess customer satisfaction from the services delivered by Eskom Academy of Learning KZN, to identify areas of improvement within Eskom Academy of Learning KZN and to recommend practical strategies for enhancing customer service in Eskom Academy of Learning KZN. This study used a mixed methods approach to conduct the survey. The target population was 185 Eskom employees for quantitative survey and 5 senior managers for qualitative survey. This included male and female students employed within Task Grading T05-E Band. Two data collection instruments were developed for the study, to satisfy the requirements of the design. Following the online questionnaire, which was structured on a five-point Likert scale, in-depth personal interviews were conducted. To select participants for the quantitative data collection, the researcher used systematic random sampling. Quantitative data analysis was conducted first, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0; while thematic analysis was used to analyse data obtained from interviews. The results indicated that the Eskom Academy of Learning has been effective in meeting its goals, indicated by a significant level of satisfaction among employees. The findings further revealed the determinants of customer satisfaction. While the academy has largely been able to satisfy the employees, information gathered from the interviews identified areas that require improvement. Four main strategies are suggested for the improvement of customer service in Eskom Academy of Learning, namely: fostering a culture of customer satisfaction surveys, being aware of the business training needs through Individual Development Plans, proactive planning of training interventions and conducting on-job post assessments to determine if training received was relevant and effective.
Assessing the performance of green roofs for stormwater runoff mitigation in the South African urban environment
(Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, 2021-12-31) Sucheran, Reshma; Sucheran, Arisha
Rapid urbanization has altered the hydrologic cycle, causing increased runoff rates and peak flows in the drainage system. Cities are now facing serious problems relating to stormwater management such as water scarcity, degraded waterways, and increased flooding. Under such circumstances, green roofs present numerous benefits including the retention of rainwater for a longer time and a delay in the peak discharge. Using data from various storm events, this study examined the performance of retrofitted green roofs for stormwater management in the eThekwini region of South Africa. The study also used the Personal Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM) to investigate the effect that the best performing green roof would have on stormwater flow rates and volumes for the region. The results concluded that the green roof systems proved to significantly reduce stormwater runoff flow rates and volumes, and retention largely depended on the intensity and duration of the rain events. The PCSWMM model further confirmed that when compared to the base model, peak flow rates from the green roof model decreased by over 40% for all storm intensities. It can therefore be concluded that the implementation of green roofs within the eThekwini Central Business District (CBD) will be highly effective in reducing peak stormwater flow rates.
An assessment of the tourism curriculum and its impact on the WIL experience
(2022) Coopasami, Mealine; Sucheran, Reshma
The rapid growth of tourism in South Africa has seen tourism businesses flourish in recent years which has led to many higher educational institutions (HEIs) offering tourism qualifications to curb the growing demand for professionally educated and trained staff. The South African government has placed much emphasis on the development of tourism skills and the quality of education that students receive. Based on these crucial factors the preparedness of graduates must be addressed. One of the fundamental approaches that HEIs have implemented is the incorporation of Work Integrated Learning programmes into tourismrelated qualifications. However, literature reveals that there still remains a gap between the theoretical knowledge dispensed to students by HEIs and their ability to apply industry-specific skills during their engagement with the tourism sector. The aim of this research was to assess the tourism management curriculum at the Durban University of Technology (DUT) and its effect on the students Work Integrated Learning (WIL) experience. WIL plays an integral role in the tourism management qualification offered at DUT and it is necessary to assess whether the WIL component adequately aligns with the learning objectives of the tourism programme. The population comprised of graduates who were registered for the National Diploma in Tourism Management and who participated in WIL between the years 2015 to 2019. A quantitative approach was employed in this research by means of a structured online questionnaire to collect primary data. A non-probability sampling method was used to obtain a representative sample of 106 tourism management graduates. An analysis of the empirical data obtained from the questionnaires was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 26.0 software, and Excel. The key findings revealed that the tourism management curriculum offered at DUT effectively addressed various areas that pertained to the tourism industry. Furthermore, the study found the curriculum content prepared graduates with the knowledge and expertise required to fully understand the concepts and the realities of a career within the South African tourism market. Graduates indicated that the lack of technological training in tourism systems was cause for concern as these systems are crucial for the day-to-day operations of tourism businesses, the host organizations capacity to train graduates must be an area of focus as graduates use these experiential learning as a stepping stone to begin their careers in the tourism sector and finally, during WIL the assessment activities used should align with the learning objectives outlined in the curriculum. The current research made recommendations aimed at addressing the preparation phase of the tourism graduates in order to address the lack of employability skills.
Barriers to and determinants of funding sustainable development projects in developing countries : a case study of the eThekwini Municipality
(2017) Sangham, Anilrai I.; Msweli, Pumela
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the barriers to and the determinants of funding sustainable development through the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism at the Bisasar Road and Mariannhill landfill sites. The Clean Development Mechanism is an economic construct, arising out of the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 2004:10), and formulated to promote social and economic welfare by transferring technology in such a manner, that it promotes sustainable development and ecological renewal. The stated goal of CDM (UNFCCC: 10) is to reduce harmful emissions and thereafter, to produce sustainable development and ecological renewal. This research utilised the case study methodology as advocated by Eisenhardt (1989:538). The study employed multiple data collection methodologies which included face-face interviews, within case analysis, triangulation, field notes and photographs. An important component of the data collection methodology was to access financial records of revenue flows for the CDM implementation process from January 2009 to December 2015. The research found that there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that the Clean Development Mechanism, as implemented at Bisasar Road and Mariannhill, reduced carbon emissions. Further, the study found that the production of clean energy produced financial losses rather than revenues for funding sustainable development. The relevance and value of this research lies in the presentation and formatting of the Systematic Sequential Analysis Model. The purpose of the Systematic Sequential Analysis Model is to introduce a series of financial, macro-economic, micro-economic, and technical sustainability filters for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism in developing countries.
The ‘chav’ subculture : branded clothing as an extension of the self
(Open Journal Systems, 2013-03) Mason, Roger Bruce; Wigley, Gemma
This paper explores the chav phenomenon as a consumer subculture, with special reference to branding and consumer behaviour. The study is important because of the presence of chavs in many consumer markets, and their significant role in the consumption of numerous products. The aim of the primary research was to compare the branded clothing choices of two groups, namely chavs and non-chavs. A qualitative method was used, namely a survey of thirty 14 to 23 year olds (fifteen each of chavs and non-chavs), followed by in-depth interviews with four of the respondents. The issues studied were the relationships between the choice of branded clothing and the respondents’ social experiences, or backgrounds, as well as whether these backgrounds acted as motivations for the respondents’ consumer behaviour. The findings indicate a relationship between the wearing of branded clothing by chavs and their social backgrounds. Their consumption behaviour may be explained by the wearing of branded clothing as an extension of the self. The findings also provide an indication of differences between chav’s and non-chav’s perceptions of branding and consumer behaviour.
Community participation and tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal : a case study of the Didima Resort and the Umhlwazini community, Drakensberg
(2017) Ngxongo, Nduduzo Andrias; Chili, Nsizwazikhona Simon
This thesis discusses the concept of community participation and tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal using a case study of the Didima Resort and Umhlwazini community in Bergville, Drakensberg. In order to examine the research topic, the thesis scrutinizes the following key concepts: community participation in tourism development; tourism development initiatives for the local community of Umhlwazini; and, the contribution of tourism development towards community enhancement. The research was guided by four research objectives: (1) To investigate the level of understanding and awareness that the Umhlwazini community have regarding tourism development and the importance of community participation; (2) To investigate whether there is active community participation and whether there are tourism development initiatives or practices the resort authority is offering to the local community; (3) To ascertain strategies employed by Didima Resort to encourage maximum participation of communities for development of tourism at Umhlwazini; and, (4) To identify problems that hinder the community's participation in tourism development at Umhlwazini. The outcomes from the interviews indicate that the majority of the Umhlwazini community members are willing and interested in participating in the development of the tourism initiatives happening at Didima Resort and within their community. Currently, the community's participation in tourism development in their area is predominantly at the level of temporary jobs which are occasionally offered to unskilled labour. Work opportunities for skilled workers are non-existent so that not even a single member from the community is part of the Didima Resort management team. Recommendations arising from the study include but are not limited to the following: There must be a vigorous, selfless and mutual cooperation between the following role players; Amangwane Traditional Council, Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife (Didima), Ingonyama Trust, Okhahlamba local municipality and the community of Umhlwazini. This association will ensure that the interests of the community are taken into account and that the community is part and parcel of any tourism development projects taking place in the Umhlwazini area. There is an obligation for community enhancement programs such as tourism awareness campaigns and tourism seminars in the Umhlwazini community. Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife (EKZNW) must put more effort into advertising and promoting community products such as bicycle hire and handcraft work. That effort can increase the visibility and sales of such community products. Community problems appear to be more noticeable than benefits. Some of the problems identified are: the lack of jobs from Didima Resort; no improvement in the infrastructure of the community; local artistic talent is not utilised during mega events happening at Didima. The lack of tourism awareness and education was identified as two main causal factors that impede community participation in tourism development, as well as the breakdown of communication between Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife and Umhlwazini leadership (traditional council and contemporary political councillor). According to the outcomes derived from analysis of the data from interviews, this research study concludes that local community members desire to play an active role in the tourism development process of Didima and Umhlwazini. In general, community members want to see decisions about tourism development in their area made co-operatively by Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, Okhahlamba municipality and local leaders (Amangwane Traditional Council) in consultation with the local community of Umhlwazini. They also want to be recipients of tourism benefits and want transparency regarding the community levy fund which is meant to support community projects. This research study further concludes that there is great potential for community participation in tourism development initiatives at Umhlwazini community and Didima Resort. There are various tourism opportunities for the community which can be explored including a traditional restaurant and a cultural village which would benefit the community immensely. The community of Umhlwazini needs to be empowered with knowledge, business skills and financial assistance to start business ventures. It is only when the local community benefits financially that their participation in tourism development will become meaningful to them.
Community-based tourism development : a Hiking Trails perspective
(AJHTL, 2017) Mnguni, Mzobanzi Erasmus; Giampiccoli, Andrea
Community-based tourism (CBT) is an alternative form of tourism development that aims to contribute to holistic development of disadvantaged community members. The relevance of CBT is growing and while CBT development may have many opportunities, it also boast various and relevant challenges. Thus, specific CBT development models are required to enhance CBT chances of success. Hiking trails are seen as a possible option to local development specifically, but not exclusively, to rural areas. In addition heritage tourism is also seen as a relevant tourism sector. In this context, this paper proposes a specific model for CBT link to hiking trails development as trails mostly based on the local cultural and natural assets. The paper that is based on desk research intends to contribute to the tourism literature in relation to community development by specifically proposing a model of CBT hiking trails development. After an introductory section, the paper will explore matters related to CBT and trails development leading to a proposed CBT hiking trail development model. Thereafter, an initial suggestion about a possible CBT hiking trails system in the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa is briefly outlined. A conclusion will terminate the paper.
A comparative analysis of the performance of traditional advertising media and online media for the promotion of tourism in KwaZulu-Natal
(2018-04-23) Madondo, Elvis; Moodley, Padhma
This is a comparative study of the performance of online media and traditional advertising media for the promotion of tourism in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Durban Tourism (2013: 1) states that although KZN has done well to attract and hold major events in the Durban City, the number of visitors has declined since the last five years. There is a need for ongoing efforts to promote the tourism industry for it to remain competitive and continue contributing to the welfare of the people. Modern age advertising is divided into two main groups, traditional media and online media advertising. In the past, the tourism industry and other business organisations relied heavily on traditional media to market their products and services (Strategic Direction 2016: 9). However, the advancement of network technologies and the increasing penetration of the Internet have prompted increasing numbers of organisations around the world to use online (Internet) advertising in order to attract more customers in cyberspace, and to enhance their product sales and company profile. Goyal and Sharma (2013: 46) further claim that the advent of online media in tourism business has altogether revolutionised the whole system of performing business and brought about new ways of promoting business. In light of these developments, many marketing practitioners fear that traditional media have entered a death spiral and are no longer competitive in doing meaningful business. They believe that traditional media will succumb to technology innovations that revolutionised the promotion industry (Chao et al. 2012: 12). In this contemporary tourism marketing environment, the performance of traditional advertising media and online media needs to be revealed in order to guide media choice decisions by tourism marketers and authorities. This study employed a descriptive research design which aimed to achieve the objectives of the research through the use of mixed research methods. For this reason, two separate surveys were carried out. Non-probability sampling techniques were employed in recruiting the participants. The design employed two research instruments in the form of a structured questionnaire and structured interviews. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed to tourists at the Durban beachfront, Gateway Mall, Durban Station, and other public places that were convenient to the researcher and the researcher managed to get a 75% response rate. In addition to this, seven interviews were conducted with Durban Tourism and Tourism KwaZulu- Natal authorities, as well as marketing managers of selected Hotels and Travel Agents. The findings revealed that traditional media and online media are more or less equally competitive for the promotion of tourism. Traditional media is still effective for the promotion of tourism in this digital age, most especially in the domestic market. Though tourists used to turn to few sources, they now use various information outlets available at their disposal. Tourism marketers and authorities need to come to terms with traditional media and online media coexistence. There is no need to rely on one media to do it all. Where traditional media lacks, online media must be there to make up the difference and enhance the tourist’s experience. The results led to the creation of the tourism promotion framework which outlines that the tourism sector needs an integrated media choice approach. Further research on the same area covered by this study is required on an ongoing basis in order to keep abreast of the developments in the market. The media environment is unpredictable as completely different media can be developed and tastes and preferences of people change.
A comparative analysis of the South African and global tourism competitiveness models with the aim of enhancing a sustainable model for South Africa
(International Foundation for Research & Development (IFRD), 2014-04) Maharaj, S.; Balkaran, Rishi
The quality of life of society as a whole is to a considerable extent determined by the role of government. South African society is characterised by the presence of a wide gap between the rich and the poor. This is exacerbated by the presence of poverty, HIV/AIDS, crime, corruption and exploitation. Governments attempt to address these contradictions are encapsulated in various policies that detail in accurate form, the needs of the majority of South Africans. Whilst policies depict the needs of the majority of South Africans, these needs remain undelivered. The void between the formulation of policy and service delivery has been most severely felt by the poor. Policy implementation is the responsibility of central, provincial and local government. The policy on tourism has been identified as one of the major players in resolving the impasse that is experienced by government. According to South Africa’s National Tourism Sector strategy (2011 & 2016) the country’s tourism’s economic contribution is set to increase from R318, 16 billion by 2015 to R499 billion by 2020. The challenge however, remains in harnessing Tourism policy in a way that addresses the past and current contradictions. Legislative provisions, policies and plans have set the tone in terms of the direction that tourism should be heading. Public sector institutions at national, provincial and local levels have equipped themselves to develop and enhance the tourism industry in such a way that it resonates with the South African tourism imperatives. This places within context the role of public organisations and its capacity to deliver in terms of government’s national imperative. The tourism industry is complex with a range of different stakeholders. There is an inextricable link between the tourism and hospitality industries. This paper attempts to improve on the South African tourism competitiveness with the expressed intention of enhancing growth and sustainability.
The conceptualisation of tourism and hospitality within a public administration framework in South Africa : a case study of a Tourism Provincial Administrative Authority in KwaZulu Natal
(International Foundation for Research and Development, 2013-07) Balkaran, Rishi
Objectives of this paper are to: locate the study into a conceptual framework by conceptualising and clarifying Tourism and Public administration and management; Constitutional and legislative provisions relevant to the tourism and hospitality industries; National, provincial and local government administration with a view to locating Tourism and the Tourism Provincial Authority. Paper clarifies the intrinsic relationship between Government functions at national, provincial and local levels and the tourism and hospitality industries. The essence of the paper depicts the policy and a legislative framework formulated by government for the purposes of effective and efficient application to relevant structures at central, provincial and local levels. The welfare of the tourism and hospitality industries depend to a large extent on the delivery of services from public institutions at all levels of government.
Constraints of young prospective tourism entrepreneurs in the semi-rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal
(Africa Journals, 2019-10-17) Mbele, Kwethemba Good-present; Nyide, Celani John
Tourism is increasingly regarded as a potential catalyst for rural economic development. As it stands, the global economic situation and the progress of youth entrepreneurship in developing economies are leaving a lot to be desired. Cultural diversity, level of education, dire market standards, and grim socio-political environments are some of the factors that should be taken into consideration when aiming to create an enabling setting that will open tourism entrepreneurship opportunities for a developing country like South African. This study’s objectives are the investigation of the limitations that prevent young people from pursuing tourism entrepreneurial activities in a semi-rural area. This research was conducted in the Umdoni Local Municipal area, a semi-rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A sample size of 126 respondents from the selected semi-rural area was selected to participate in this study. This was achieved using a snowball sampling technique and the results were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study highlights that inability to secure financial support is one of the primary constraints for the setting-up of a new business. The study also found that youth support structures, such as National Youth Development Agency and the Department of Trade and Industry, that should stimulate and develop tourism entrepreneurship for the youth in the Umdoni Local Municipality area, are not accessible. This research recommends that finance for youth entrepreneurship initiatives in the tourism sector be introduced by financial institutions and access should not be tortuous. Government policies should be examined in terms of their effectiveness on entrepreneurship establishment, as well as their regulatory burden on new start-ups.
Consumer attitudes towards curbside recycling of waste within the eThekwini municipality area
(2006) Abbu, Allan Robert
Consumer attitudes play an important role when it comes to waste management. Consumers, who purchase any number of packaged goods also dispose of or discard waste in large quantities. In the business sector the introduction of new technologies in the production cycle is imperative, and this technology involves discovering more cost effective methods of reducing and reusing solid waste as a resource. The challenge for the eThekwini Municipality is to discover ways to reduce the volume of waste disposed at the landfills. This study determines the attitudes of consumers towards curbside recycling specifically within the eThekwini municipal region. This study focuses on various theories and evaluates ways in which waste prevention and reduction initiatives can be employed to protect the depletion of natural resources.
Consumer perceptions of green products, purchasing behaviour and loyalty
(2018-06-14) Chikosha, Felix; Potwana, Nobubele
Green products have gained prominence on the market largely due to their perceived benefits of environmental sustainability. In view of the growth in influence of green products, the objectives of the study were to determine the impact of product quality on purchase intention for green products; ascertain the influence of environmental concerns on purchase intention for green products; establish the influence of situations affecting green product purchase on purchase intentions for green products; establish the impact of preference for green products on purchase intention and to assess the impact of purchase intention on re-purchase intention of green products. To establish these facts the study adopted a quantitative methodology, which made use of a self- reporting questionnaire which was administered to consumer households as the target population. For the suburban areas and locations, simple random sampling was done by arbitrarily picking out a number from the housing list secured from the Municipality. In the city center, convenience sampling was done by arbitrarily approaching consumers buying in shopping malls. The 497 responses received were accepted as the sample size of this study. Data collected was captured and analysed on Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) v22.0 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) v 24.0 to yield descriptive and inferential statistics. Structural Equation Modelling was then used to provide estimates of the strength of all the hypothesised relationships. The key findings of the study were that green purchase intention was significantly and positively influenced by product quality, environmental concern, preference for green products, environmental responsibility and selection attributes, but not by situations affecting purchase behaviour. Purchase intention has a strong correlation with re- purchase intention. The implications of the findings to marketers are that they need to formulate and implement green marketing strategies to improve consumer perceptions of green products. It is also suggested that marketers drop deceptive marketing practices that cause consumers to be skeptical about green products. Future research may need to be directed at green marketing practices to see what business is doing to enhance the adoption of green products by consumers.
Corporate social investment : communication challenges facing selected Johannesburg Securities Exchange listed organisations
(2012-11-29) Ngobeni, Uzothile; Rawjee, Veena P.; Reddy, Karunanidhi
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSI) is an issue with a growing business value in South Africa. The increasing emphasis on CSI is affecting the relationship between organisations and their various stakeholders, such as investors, customers, vendors, suppliers, employees, communities and government. The stakeholders of an organisation play a vital role in the process of CSI planning and execution. There is a need to communicate CSI activities to stakeholders, as well as to monitor the flow and role of communication within the CSI context. While it is generally agreed that companies need to manage their relationships and communication with their stakeholders, the way in which they choose to do so varies considerably. Challenges in communicating corporate social responsibility do exist – for example, communication channels that are used in CSI, scepticism towards company messages and potentially hostile reactions from the media, complex community engagement processes, diversity of the audience, misunderstanding with special interest groups such as employees and government regulations. The diverse information requirements of different stakeholder groups also present special communication challenges, and these requirements are examined in turn. Given this background, the purpose of this study is to investigate communication in CSI practice. This study seeks to understand communication challenges facing CSI and communication channels that are used in CSI. Lastly, this study offers recommended best practices that can be applied in CSR communication. Although CSI is gaining a role as a strategic business function, however the literature review presented in this paper shows that CSI communication is still an area to be explored. One of the arguments presented in the literature review originate from Maignan & Ferrell (2004:17) that “Businesses cannot hope to enjoy concrete benefits from CSR unless they intelligently communicate about their initiatives to relevant stakeholders”. Communication challenges in CSI exist mainly in the process of transmission and receiving of messages from sender to receiver. The selection of the proper channels to disseminate information is also a challenge. These challenges arise mainly in rural and underdeveloped areas. In most instances, these communities lack infrastructure such as electricity and telecommunication which facilitate the dissemination of information. Commonly the communicator has to first do the necessary research in order to establish the most suitable medium for disseminating information to these communities. Illiteracy is also a major hurdle to communication in underdeveloped areas. This poses a challenge in that often messages have to be disseminated face to face, which can take time and requires expertise in communicating. The research method that was used to conduct this study is random sampling. A sample of thirteen organizations was drawn from the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) database of medium to large businesses that are actively involved in CSR programmes in South Africa. The findings in this study reveal that South African organisations are engaged in serious efforts to communicate and pro-actively integrate CSI as a strategic business phenomenon. These findings are significant to communications and CSI practitioners who wish to communicate with their stakeholders in CSI implementation. These findings will also benefit corporate executives who wish to engage in CSI communication. Non-Government Organisations (NGOs), Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs) and community organisations that wish to engage in CSI activities with corporate organizations, can also benefit from this study. In summary, CSI has grown from an ideology to a business reality and is now acknowledged as an important dimension of modern business practice. It is important that organisation examine their CSI communication in the context of the ever-changing business environment.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the hotel and lodge sector in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(AJHTL, 2016) Sucheran, Reshma
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained in prominence in the tourism and hospitality sector. Despite the increasing focus of CSR as promoting and enhancing sustainable and responsible environmental management practices, there is limited research that examines CSR in the hospitality sector and in relation to accommodation establishments in particular. The literature also highlights that where research exists, there tends to be a focus on developed contexts rather than developing countries such as South Africa. Thus, this study contributes to this growing and important area of research by focusing on in hotels and lodges in KwaZulu-Natal to address limited knowledge in this area, especially in the South African developing context, drawing on primary data collected using a case study approach. This article presents the results of an online survey conducted with 60 hotel and lodge managers targeting all 141 hotels and lodges located in KwaZulu-Natal. The structured questionnaire sought information on the profile of the accommodation issues and CSR aspects. The structured questionnaire was complemented with key informant interviews to solicit qualitative information and probe further results emanating from the quantitative data. The results indicate that hotels and lodges in KwaZulu-Natal support CSR activities. Hotels and lodges use local labour, bought goods and services from the local community, donated to local charities and purchased fair trade products. CSR is often done in partnership with other stakeholders. Despite widespread support of CSR, concerns were raised about quality issues.
Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance : implementation and challenges for companies listed on the Johannesburg securities exchange
(2018-03) Anwana, Emem Otu; Reddy, Karunanidhi; Rampersad, Renitha
This study presents an investigation into the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study also aimed at investigating the legal challenges of compliance with CG and CSR legislation posed to listed companies in South Africa in CSR implementation. To achieve these objectives of the study, questionnaires were administered to the top 100 companies listed on the JSE. Structured interviews were also conducted with selected personnel from these companies. The study reviewed literature and theories within South Africa and internationally that were significant to CG and CSR. The study examined the CG and CSR legislation, codes and regulations in South Africa and highlighted the challenges associated with compliance with such legislation. The study further investigated the implications of the challenges encountered by listed companies in implementing CSR and CG, and consequently the impact this has on the socio-economic development of communities within the company’s operational environment. The study therefore sought to investigate the measures that South African listed companies were exploring to mitigate the challenges relating to CSR implementation in view of the fact that they are mandated in terms of legislation to comply with all regulatory provisions relating to CG and CSR. From the findings of this study, a Synergy, Inclusiveness and Socio-economic Development (SIS) conceptual model was produced. This model aimed to assist and guide CSR managers, directors and other officials in addressing the challenges of legal compliance, as well as to act as a guide in implementing strategic CSR that will positively impact on the socio- economic development of communities as well as the companies triple bottom line. Findings from the study revealed that the synergy between CG and CSR, top management involvement in CSR, stakeholder’s inclusiveness, as well as integrated reporting of company non-financial performance, are factors that stimulate CSR implementation in South Africa. The findings also revealed that legal compliance, although challenging, plays a crucial role in supporting CSR activities and corporate behaviour amongst South African listed companies. Based on these findings, the study developed a conceptual graphical representation to assist and guide CSR managers, company directors and other officials on strategies that may be applied to overcome challenges associated with legal compliance with CG and CSR legislation.