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Faculty of Management Sciences

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Mergers

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    Investigating challenges brought about the Walmart/Massmart merger in South Africa
    (2021) Makhoba, Nkululeko Eugene; Chigada, Joel
    Mergers and acquisitions are widely used global market entry strategies, which have the potential to change the business landscape in various ways, such as cultural shift, business practices and resources transfer. Walmart’s growth and global expansion strategies have and continue to be premised on acquisitions and mergers. The South African merger was fraught with challenges from civic society, groups, businesses and government who all believed that employees would lose jobs, in the hope of transforming the retailing landscape. On the other hand, the arrival of Walmart in South Africa was welcomed by Massmart, which had been struggling to sustain its competitiveness in the contemporary retail market. The market, employees and communities were apprehensive of the impact of the merger on culture; therefore, it was imperative to conduct this study to establish the challenges arising from the merger. This study was informed by the interpretivist methodological assumption resulting in the collection of qualitative data through an inductive process. A sample of twelve participants was selected using non-probability purposive and convenience sampling techniques. Sample elements were selected for being readily available, accessible and possessing relevant data required to address the research problem. Data were collected from participants through in-depth face-to-face interviews guided by an interview protocol. Interviews were recorded with the aid of a voice recorder, of which the transcriptions were decoded into themes using NVivo 10, a qualitative data analysis programme. Emerging themes were analysed through thematic data analysis to extra rich data sets. The study established that the merger created anxiety amongst staff, market and different stakeholders. New management embarked on a serious change management education drive to diffuse tensions and resistance. There was a paradigm cultural shift that required stakeholder involvement to ensure the success of the merger. The study recommended that, prior to engaging in mergers, firms should conduct extensive and thorough research to allay fears amongst stakeholders.
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    Mergers and acquisitions performance within South African chemical industry : pursuit of improved financial performance and economies of scale
    (2021-10-06) Quwe, Buntu; Khumalo, Njabulo
    Abstract Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are used globally by companies to improve shareholders’ wealth, financial performance, and obtain economies of scale. This study aimed to examine the role of M&A on the performance of companies within the South Africa chemical industry. The study adopted a survey-based methodology to measure performance post-merger. The sample size of the study was 102 individuals, and data was gathered using an expert sampling technique via an online self-administered questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results demonstrate that both financial performance and economies of scale are statistically significant predictors of the role of M&A on performance post-merger. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by exploiting a multidimensional nature of performance, as survey-based methodology uses both financial and non-financial parameters. It is, therefore, important for managers to understand that M&A within the South African chemical industry; are done to achieve financial performance
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    Goal clarity and trust in management in educational mergers
    (AOSIS Publishing, 2007) May, Tuto; Mason, Roger Bruce
    Purpose: The aim of this paper is to explore employees’ opinions on goal clarity, trust in management and perceptions of organisational readiness for change in the context of the changes caused by the merger to form the Durban Institute of Technology (DIT) in order to increase knowledge about the human aspects of mergers. Design/Methodology/Approach: A survey of staff was conducted, with a sample of respondents completing a questionnaire, which investigated whether or not there were relationships among the change variables, namely goal clarity, trust in management and perception of organisational readiness for change. Findings: The key finding of the study is that the goals of the institution were not clarified sufficiently during the change process at DIT. The correlation of goal clarity, trust in management and perceptions of organisational readiness for change were all significant at the p < 0.01 level; and the direction of the relationship between the variables was strongly positive (between 0.7 and 1.0). Implications: The results suggest that management success in identifying organisational goals clearly during a change initiative could help improve employees’ attitudes, thereby increasing the likelihood of merger success, and minimising the negative reactions and staff dissatisfaction often associated with mergers. Originality/Value: Although there is a lot of research in the generic field of mergers and considerable research into mergers in higher education, both overseas and in South Africa, there is a lack of research in the human aspects of mergers. This is especially true of the three key change variables of perceptions of readiness for change, goal clarity and trust in management. Furthermore, what research there is has not focussed on the opinions of individual employees, but on the opinions of trade unions and student representatives. Therefore, this study contributes to filling an important gap in the literature on higher education mergers in South Africa.
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    Change management in the higher education landscape: a case of the transition process at a South African University
    (Virtus Interpress, 2016) Govender, Vaneshree; Rampersad, Renitha
    The South African Higher Education system in the post-apartheid period had to respond to the various discriminatory practices that existed during the apartheid era. This entailed responding to inequalities in the education system at various levels. With respect to Higher Education there was an imperative to serve society that was based on the principles of equality, equity and inclusivity. One such response was to merge higher education institutions such as ML Sultan Technikon and Technikon Natal to form the Durban Institute of Technology now referred to as the Durban University of Technology (DUT). This paper is concerned with the process of change in the Higher Education context and examines a South African case study. The study was conducted within a quantitative paradigm and the sample population was 400 administrative and academic staff from across the seven campuses. In order to satisfy the research objectives of the study, a self-administered location based survey was distributed and data was analyzed using SPSS. The study revealed that living and coping with change in the work environment is a fact of life for organisations and individuals. The success of any change programme depends on the organisation’s ability to communicate effectively with its employees; therefore internal communication plays a pivotal role in any change programme.
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    Impact of mergers on lower level employees : a case study of the Durban University of Technology
    (2015) Daweti, Baphiwe; Chetty, Gopalkrishna; Lourens, Melanie E.
    The study arose as a result of a merger between the former Technikon Natal and former M.L. Sultan Technikon, culminating in the formation of a new institution in 2002, called the Durban Institute of Technology (now known as the Durban University of Technology). The focus of the study was on the impact of mergers on lower level employee motivation and staff morale at the Durban University of Technology. Furthermore, the study focused on examining the perceptions of lower level employees towards the merger process which included the pre-merger, during and post-merger phases. A mixed methods research design was used in this study. The quantitative sample was n=50. In addition, six in-depth interviews were conducted for the qualitative part of the study. This study concluded that the merger had a negative impact on the perceptions of lower level employees regarding the merger process in the post-merger phase. The results indicated that staff morale of lower level employees was low post-merger. Some lower level employees proved to be less satisfied than others who adopted the new changes as a result of the merger. Interestingly, the results indicated a high level of motivation amongst lower level employees post-merger. Minimal communication originated from top management to lower level employees. It was recommended, amongst other suggestions that communication and training should be strengthened amongst lower level employees, supervisors and management in higher education institutions. Whilst lower level employees may have low skills and education, an attempt should be made to involve lower level employees early on and throughout higher education mergers.
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    The transformation of the South African higher education sector through mergers - the case study of the Durban University of Technology
    (2010) Chetty, Gopalkrishna; Wallis, Malcolm Alan Henworth
    Since the advent of democracy in 1994, South African society has been undergoing a rapid transformation. By the time the second democratic elections had come around, the focus had turned to transforming and restructuring the higher education sector. Mergers became an instrument in the hands of the Government to restructure and configure the higher education landscape. Mergers are not new and have been used by many countries to transform or restructure their higher education sector. However, comparison with higher education mergers in other countries would point to the most ambitious change programme ever undertaken in recent times, especially given the large scale of mergers and incorporations that were planned for the South African higher education sector. The Durban University of Technology merger which took place in 2002 preceded the main wave of the Government decreed mergers that took place in 2004 and in 2005. This thesis focuses on contributing to the knowledge of higher education mergers by investigating higher education mergers in South Africa from a micro as well as macro perspective. At a micro level the study undertaken is a case study of the Durban University of Technology (DUT), the first merged higher institution in the country, while from a macro perspective, an examination into the impact that mergers have had on the transformation of the higher education sector. This second part has been undertaken through a perception survey of staff at merged institutions. The emphasis is on providing a detailed analysis of DUT merger in terms of its problems, pitfalls and peculiarities. It covers an examination of the processes, procedures, practices and trials and tribulations when two or more higher education institutions merge. This study is guided by two central research questions. The first is: What can be learned about higher education mergers as examined through the Durban University of Technology (DUT) case study? The second question, whether higher education mergers have been successful or otherwise in South Africa? In particular this question seeks to elicit whether the broader goals and objectives of higher education transformation have been or are being achieved or accomplished through mergers in the sector. The literature review emphasized a conceptual understanding of higher education mergers, merger processes and steps. The review also touches on the limitations and gaps in higher education literature when examined from a iv South African perspective. In particular a detailed study of the South African merger policy development was undertaken. The DUT merger experience allows one to draw a distinction between what is termed the technical merger issues and the soft issues. Technical aspects of a merger would simply be those aspects that have to be done to ensure the physical merger of two or more institutions. In a sense it is the soft issues which shape the merger process. These soft issues largely relate to people, the consultation with stakeholders, the negotiations and the cultural dimensions. Despite the assumption that voluntary mergers are generally easier to negotiate and execute because of the perceived greater involvement of stakeholders, the DUT case provides no evidence to support this position. If anything, the DUT merger although voluntary was at best difficult and beset with people and human relations problems. The findings from the case study point to the following: Government initiated mergers (forced mergers) are less likely to failure because of a greater national agenda; that an all new embracing style of leadership is needed when institutions undergo great changes such as through a merger; that where trade unions exist they will become powerful forces if people management issues are neglected or dealt with poorly during the merger. A genuinely co-operative and consultative process is the way to go; that to overcome past cultural differences a new cultural identity must be established early in the merger by sharing the new vision and mission of the new entity; that mergers could be understood and managed in three distinct phases, which are, the pre-merger phase, the integration phase and the consolidation phase. Equally there are a number of merger steps. By reviewing the processes, procedures and practices of the DUT merger, a model has been developed to understand how mergers take place. In respect of the perception survey of merged institutions, respondents saw some benefits accrue to the academic goals and there were some efficiency gains. More students came into the higher education system. Not many were complementary about their state of physical resources including teaching and learning facilities. Some even felt that teaching and learning were set back during the merger period and this is backed up by key statistics for example like pass rates and dropout rates. Given the difficulty with the softer issues in mergers, much of the blame seems to have been directed at Management and Leadership. Nearly 50% of respondents felt that mergers did not result in high quality Management, while a slightly lower percentage of 42% thought that v mergers did not help establish high quality Councils. Many thought that their governance structures and systems were also weakened. Mergers are complex and it invariably affects the entire institution. It requires careful planning and preparation, inclusivity and a developmental approach to mergers. It also requires effective leaders to manage change of such magnitude. These are the ingredients to ensuring successful higher education mergers.