Theses and dissertations (Engineering and Built Environment)

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An adaptive quotation system for web-based manufacturing
(2005) Li, Qingxue; Walker, Mark
Increased global competition is challenging manufacturing industries to bring competitively priced, well-designed and well-manufactured products into the marketplace as quickly as possible. Manufacturing companies are responding to these challenges in their industry by extending current internet trends to create virtual marketplaces where factories, suppliers, and customers are part of the solution. Pressing demands to reduce lead-time by providing a suitable manufacturing price for a product has become an important step in the current competition age. This thesis presents an approach for providing a quotation for a product via the web, automatically and autonomously.
Analysis of the viability of additive manufacturing for rapid tooling: A case study for the plastic industry
(2022-05-13) Pancha, Uttam Bhana; Olanrewaju, Oludolapo Akanni
The current environment of changing market trends that include mass customization, sustainability, environmental impact and localized production drives the manufacturing industry to strive for additive manufacturing because of the versatility of the technology. Injection Moulding Company (IMC) is using traditional manufacturing approaches which compromise its competitiveness resulting in decreased production rate and high operational costs due to lengthy changeover times. The aim of the study was to investigate the viability of additive manufacturing technology for the manufacture of moulds to reduce operational costs. ABC mould demand classification analysis conducted for the top 16 moulds revealed that the moulds for the switch cover ranked highest in terms of the demand of moulds that were fabricated by IMC. The value stream map revealed that there was room for improvement in terms of push to pull and frequent lot transfer, standardising work, reducing cutting time and process scrap, as well as introducing poka yokes and cellular manufacturing, and it was proposed to reduce material movements and setup times. Through the deployment of group technology and rank clustering algorithm, three mould families and three machine cells were derived. As a result, the mould fabrication process was improved by reducing material movements and reducing setup times. Analytic hierarchical process was deployed as criteria for comparison and selection of the best 3D printing technology from among the recent additive manufacturing (AM) technologies that would meet surface finish, dimensional accuracy, cost, and manufacturing lead time requirements. Four AM options included Multilevel Concurrent Printing, MELD technology, Metal Jet 3D printer, and VELO3D. The final results indicated that the VELO3D is better than other additive manufacturing technologies for rapid tooling for the manufacture of moulds. The switch cover mould was then assessed for viability of fabrication through AM. The research proposed a process for evaluation of investment in VELO3D machine. A final decision was made through the comparison of AM technology, VELO3D versus traditional manufacturing capabilities in tool production. The traditional manufacturing was found to be characterised by a huge mould cost which was absent when additive manufacturing technology is adopted. The results demonstrated that VELO3D outperformed the traditional approach from a cost perspective leading to an 80% overall cost savings from the adoption of AM.
Appraisal and optimization of energy-efficient green buildings in South Africa
(2024-05) Agbajor, Favour David; Mewomo, Modupe Cecilia
Generally, over 35% of global energy use and 40% of carbon emissions are attributed to the built environment while future forecasts indicate that these values may rise much further. In South Africa (SA), building stocks account for 40% of the country’s final energy demand which strains the country's coal-dependent energy grid and oftentimes results in power outages. Optimizing energy efficiency and thermal comfort while attaining the lofty goal of carbon neutrality is essential for all concerned stakeholders in the building sector globally. Meanwhile, green building (GB), being a recognized revolutionary theory and practice in the building industry, is suggested as a solution to SA’s environmental challenges. On this wise, this research aimed to develop energy-efficient models for optimizing green buildings into the design and operation of buildings to allay their environmental impacts. The goal was to enhance energy efficiency, decrease energy consumption, and mitigate carbon emissions across diverse climates, thus benefiting South Africa's built environment. To achieve the study's goals, three primary research objectives were identified and pursued namely: (i) To provide an overview on status-quo of green building development in South Africa with a view to explore the status quo and provide roadmap for improvement; (ii)To examine the energy-saving potential of incorporating building-integrated greenery systems towards climate-resilience in the subtropical climate zone of South Africa; and (iii) To investigate the energy-performance of green building renewable energy utilization systems within South Africa’s hot and arid climate zones. Initially, the study's first objective entailed a comprehensive literature overview integrating climate, sustainability, and building energy modeling within the South African context. This was carried out through a scoping review approach via the PRISMA guideline of reporting Subsequent objectives involved selecting reference buildings and creating hypothesized models as case studies based on six climate zones from the South African National Standard. For the second objective, a thorough and integrative approach that linked building energy modelling and varying climatic change was devised. The numerical parametric simulation and analysis, being a quantitative research approach was adopted as a data collection method. Similarly, the third objective employed numerical parametric simulation as a data gathering method in this research, which is based on a quantitative analysis to explore various design options iteratively. In the second and third objectives, Global climate databases, Meteonorm, Climate Consultant, and energy simulation software such as DesignBuilder, EnergyPlus, and Polysun were used for weather data analysis, climate modeling, and building energy simulation. The findings highlighted that while South Africa boasts notable green construction projects, scientific research progress has not matched international levels. The focus was on promoting green building adoption through standards, certifications, and incentives. However, gaps were observed in optimized energy performance and post-occupancy evaluation of existing buildings. Despite high awareness, the utilization of green building technologies among South African professionals did not meet anticipated levels. For the second objective, the study's findings indicated an increase in extreme heat waves with higher peak temperatures in the future. Building energy use in the study area is projected to rise by 8-24% from 2030 to 2080. Notably, heat gains primarily result from envelope thermal transfer rather than solar radiation. Greenery systems were found to effectively support green building goals and urban sustainability across anticipated seasons. Nature-based solutions proved successful in adapting to climate change compared to non-retrofitted conventional buildings. For the last objective, the study revealed regions with substantial solar irradiance, indicating potential for renewable energy adoption. It emphasized the need for durable BIPV systems in hightemperature conditions. BIPV modules generated more energy in Upington than Nelspruit due to varying solar radiation. Opportunities were identified for BIPV systems to achieve optimal power generation. The study provides a foundation for informed decision-making, policy formulation, and targeted research in sustainable building practices. The study presents practical principles to guide urban planners and policymakers in integrating eco-friendly technology into both new and existing building designs. This promotes sustainable urban development and reduces cities' carbon emissions. Going forward, to showcase the effectiveness of these energy-efficient and climate-responsive systems to the public and industry stakeholders, it is recommended to establish and enhance largescale demonstration projects in South Africa's subtropical, hot and arid regions.
Assessment of emerging technologies enhancing project delivery among medium and large construction firms in Durban
(2022-07) Mchunu Johannes S’thembiso; Anugwo, Iruka C.
The objective of this research was to assess the potential of emerging ICT technologies to enhance construction project design, procurement, and delivery among medium and large construction firms registered on the Durban Construction Industry Development Board (cidb) under grade 4-6 and grade 7-9 c. The study explored how construction companies can use various emerging Information and Communication Technology (ICT) technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D Printing, Virtual Reality (VR), Building Information Modelling (BIM), Robotics and wireless sensor technology, to improve construction project delivery in the eThekwini region. This study focused on one province, KZN and the eThekwini District Municipality, located on the east coast of South Africa. The questionnaires were formulated to evaluate construction contractors’ level of awareness, understanding, knowledge, and commitment to advance business operations using new emerging technologies presently linked to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Data collection instruments used for this study comprised an online survey as well as paper-based questionnaires. The data was analysed using percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations, and each question was ranked using the SPSS Statistical Package. The analysis shows that awareness, and knowledge of, new emerging technologies among construction companies in Durban was significantly high within offices. However, awareness, and knowledge of, new emerging technologies was significantly low on construction sites. The study revealed that a remarkable number of respondents were of the opinion that the implementation of emerging ICT technologies and the 4IR would benefit project design, procurement and construction delivery. The study concluded that there is a high level of commitment to implement new emerging technologies among construction companies in Durban. The study recommended that construction companies in Durban should acknowledge the need to enhance business processes in construction and improve levels of performance and competitiveness by implementing new emerging technologies on construction sites. The study proposed that construction companies in Durban should implement new emerging technologies to improve the performance of the sector in KwaZulu-Natal.
Building information modelling technologies for intelligent road engineering design, construction and digital twinning
(2023-09) Yunos, Shuaib; Allopi, Dhiren
Roads form an integral part of civil infrastructure, providing safe and reliable access from a point of origin to a destination. With the rapid growth in population, urbanisation, and the pursuit of smart cities, the pressure on effective road design, construction, and maintenance is ever-increasing, with sustainability and innovation being at the focal point to derive better and more intelligent ways to accomplish this infrastructure requirement. With this influx of demand, traditional processes are put under strain, resulting in roads being designed inadequately, impacting the safety and service, exploration of minimal alternative routes due to time pressure or lack of information, material wastage affecting design sustainability and construction cost, and poor maintenance affecting safety and design life. With the progression in technology, building information modelling (BIM) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to plan, design, construct and manage buildings and infrastructure more efficiently. BIM has been implemented, adopted, and mandated by many countries across the world, seen as an intelligent, innovative necessity for enhanced civil infrastructure design, construction, and maintenance. This leads to the question of BIM on civil infrastructure projects, with the focus being roads, and how would it compare to the traditional way of accomplishing road projects. In this regard, an in-depth investigation into the application and impact of BIM technologies across a typical road project had been conducted. This was achieved by describing the processes associated with a typical project when employing a traditional and BIM approach across 9 stages of the project lifecycle. This methodology effectively allowed for a detailed comparison between the two approaches, with the findings collated. The dissertation also expands on what is BIM, its levels, dimensions, benefits, its application on projects across various continents, its role in digital twinning and smart cities, its presence and development globally, its presence and development in Africa, as well as the hurdles experienced in its adoption and implementation and recommendations on how to overcome them. The conclusion arrived at was that BIM provides a plethora of advantages across the road project lifecycle, resulting in innovative, economical, and sustainable civil infrastructure, paving the way to enhanced operations and maintenance and digital twinning in the pursuit of smart cities, correlating with BIM being mandated by countries across the globe and various literature confirming its positive impact. The BIM approach outperformed the traditional approach across all stages of a typical road project lifecycle, conforming to the MacLeamy curve. The BIM technologies applied to derive and illustrate this conclusion were BIM technologies developed by Autodesk and the Devotech Group of Companies. It was also observed that whilst BIM has been around since the 1970s, BIM is still seen as a new concept, particularly in the civil infrastructure industry, and whilst professionals acknowledge its advantages, they are resistant to change, overwhelmed by how to become BIM ready, or do not know where to turn to for guidance, particularly in South Africa, Africa, and other developing countries. Other main challenges observed were those of education, training and upskilling, upfront cost, and the absence of a BIM mandate, as well as challenges specific to Africa were unpacked such as infrastructure gaps, skill gaps, digital division, and digital transformation.
A case study : evaluation of adjudication as a dispute resolution method : NEC and FIDIC contracts
(2022-09-29) Mkhize, Zizodwa Zizo; Allopi, Dhiren
Construction development plays an important role in the development of South Africa, not only in respect of its built infrastructure, but also in its broader economic and social development. It also creates employment prospects on a broader scale. Construction contract adjudication has been introduced in South Africa by means of four forms of contracts endorsed by the Construction Industry Development Board. Amusan and Owolabi (2014) mention that the unfavourable outcomes of project objectives in terms of time, cost and quality are as a result of delays in construction projects. Although disputes may be unwanted, having suitable knowledge to manage disputes when they happen often provides better results for the disputants and the project. The study was conducted in an electricity generation organisation, which has various divisions and departments that develop and execute projects. Complex projects that require multiple interdivisional or external stakeholder interfaces are planned, developed and implemented in the Group Capital Division (GCD). The purpose of this research study was to evaluate whether the causes, practices and outcomes of the construction contract adjudication method for the Fédération Internationale des IngénieursConseils (FIDIC) were similar to those of New Engineering Contract (NEC) used for infrastructure construction projects. A mixed method by means of a case study was adopted to answer the research questions. Data were collected from an analysis of 33 study documents related to FIDIC and NEC contract case studies. The results of the study showed the following: 1) There are comparable causes of disputes among the two contracts, even though they vary in terms of ranking on each contract; 2) some of the disputes referred to adjudication could have been avoided; and 3) FIDIC and NEC complied with the adjudication practice, and the outcomes of the adjudications differed based on the merits of each case.
A critical analysis of participation using the planning context of the Durban Back of Port Precinct
(2023-05) Ngubane, Sibongiseni Memory; Hansmann, Robynne; Musvoto, Godfrey
Communities located in the Durban Back of Port area experience the compounded burden of environmental degradation with the legacy of untransformed Apartheid neighbourhoods. Despite the documented concerns and priority to deal with the cumulative environmental impacts on the communities of South Durban within planning policy documents, the participation process is unclear. Poorly defined participation processes not only inhibit the substantial issues being raised but fail to inform processes to address the concerns raised. These weakly defined civic engagements were found in the study to reflect some of the implementation challenges in the field of urban planning. The primary aim of the research study is to critically analyse participation processes for development as outlined in planning policy documents to make proposals within the context of the Durban Back of Port case study from sampled stakeholder categories; corporate community, civil society, and government. The Durban Back of Port case study is a geographical area under the authority of eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu Natal. This precinct represents a situation where communities live near one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s busiest industrial areas, and at the backside area of one of the most active ports in Africa. This research study found the precinct residents to have been subjected to both environmental racism, and post-Apartheid environmental injustice. The study area presents contrasting land uses, where negative externalities of industrial development impact on the adjacent residential uses. In effect, the legacy of Apartheid spatial planning is layered with environmental racism and has evolved into environmental injustice in present time. This is a qualitative research study that applies hybrid analytical tools; document analysis, policy analysis and thematic analysis to critically analysis participation processes within the case study. This research study established three type categories of stakeholders representing varying interest; economic, social, and environmental. The purposely sampled categories comprised of corporate community, civil society, and the spheres of government, these are organisations that are either located or have jurisdictional authority in the Durban Back of Port. It uses the theoretical lenses of Environmental Justice, Advocacy Planning, Communicative Rationality and Action, Collaborative Planning, Participatory Planning, and Arnstein’s Ladder of Participation to better understand participation processes.
Design and application of passive filters for improved power quality in standalone PV system
(2024-05) Dlamini, Sandile; Adebiyi, Abayomi Aduragba; Kabeya, Musasa
Harmonic components have developed in power systems due to the non-linear properties of the circuit components utilized in power electronics-based products and their rapid application. Power systems rely on fundamental quantities like sinusoidally varying voltage and current, which oscillate at a frequency of 50 Hz. The standard restrictions of IEEE-519-1992 were utilized as a benchmark in this study. To generate the best output, the total harmonic distortion (THD) should be decreased below the limit, even for certain individual harmonic numbers, and reflect the power factor output. Using the results of the simulation and projections for each mitigation strategy, the THDI can be reduced below the IEEE-519 standard whilst also providing cost and electrical advantages. Analysed and modelled is the PV system, which comprises solar panels, a DC-DC converter, a DC-AC inverter, and a non-linear load. Passive filters are an effective solution for improving power quality in standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems. This dissertation provides an overview of the design and application of passive filters for this purpose. Firstly, an introduction to PV systems and the power quality issues associated with them was preferred. Next, different types of passive filters, namely LC filters, LCL filters and LLCL filters, are discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages, and the design considerations for these filters, including the selection of filter components and the calculation of filter parameters. The application of passive filters in standalone PV systems was then discussed, including their implementation in DC-DC converters and Z-Source inverters and, the design of PWM controllers such as the constant boost control method and simple boost control method. The analysis of the outcome of the engineered systems was conducted according to the IEEE standard and SANS 10142 Standard to protect the connected equipment within the off-grid network. The outcomes pertain to the single-phase stand-alone/off-grid photovoltaic system and the single-phase Z-Source inverter. The Z-Source inverter is equipped with two distinct methods for PWM control, namely the constant boost control method and the simple boost control method. All three designs incorporate three passive filters, namely the LC filter, the LCL filter and the LLCL filter. The results were obtained from the network consisting of three distinct designs. LLCL demonstrates superior performance as a passive filter, substantiating its position as the optimal choice. The optimal outcomes of a single-phase off-photovoltaic (PV) network can be achieved using LC, LCL and LLCL filters, with corresponding percentages of 2.99%, 2.45% and 1.71% respectively. Unfiltered was 89.05%, which is not good for the equipment connected to the network. The Z-Source showcases the capability of voltage amplification to an infinite level, rendering it highly effective in minimizing total harmonic distortion. This research investigation further demonstrated the efficacy of the Z-Source Inverter with Constant Control Boost Method and Simple Boost Control Method, achieving unfiltered total harmonic distortion levels of 38.85% and 44.96% respectively. The Z-Source inverter, when combined with the Constant Boost Control method and Simple Boost Control method, exhibits various filter configurations such as LC, LCL, and LLCL filters. In the context of the constant boost control and simple boost control methods, it is imperative to assess the total harmonic distortion percentage of voltage and current for LC, LCL, and LLCL configurations. The constant boost control voltage (LC, LCL, LLCL) and current total harmonic distortion (LC, LCL, LLCL) are measured at 4.177%, 2.655%, 1.951%, and 2.958%, 2.09%,1.465% correspondingly. The voltage-based boost control methods, namely LC, LCL and LLCL, exhibit total harmonic distortion levels of 2.345%, 1.920% and 0.211%, respectively. Similarly, the current-based boost control methods, LC, LCL and LLCL, demonstrate total harmonic distortion levels of 2.346%, 1.921%, 0.211%, and 2.346%, 1.921%, 0.211%, respectively. Finally, the dissertation wrapped up by exploring the potential of passive filters for enhancing power quality in standalone PV systems. The thesis offers a comprehensive investigation of the design and implementation of passive filters in standalone PV systems, providing valuable insights for engineers and researchers in the field. It enhances understanding and utilization of these imperative devices.
Designing a stormwaterharvest system in new smart cities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(2024-05) Mukome, Bwija
The nexus between climate change and water management represents one of the contemporary challenges confronting economic development and sustainable livelihoods in many cities the world over. Thus, assessing the impacts of climate change for evolving smart-city water management, especially for a country like South Africa that is classified as a “water-stressed” country, constitutes an innovative way to water management. This study aimed at proposing an alternative water supply augmentation source that is sustainable for new smart cities under different climatic scenarios within the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. The specific objectives of the study were to assess the impacts of climate change and the imperativeness of a sustainable and efficient stormwaterharvesting (SWH) system in the new smart city; determine the social, economic and technical barriers to an efficient SWH system; evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of stormwaterharvesting system integration in smart cities; and design a prototype sustainable and efficient pilot-scale engineering SWH system. To address these objectives, the aggregated views of stakeholders within the Water/ Climate change sector were solicited through questionnaires and interviews collected data were analysed using a statistical package and thematic classification. The triangulation method was used to justify acceptable opinions where both the qualitative and quantitative responses were in opposing positions. The standardised rainfall anomaly index (SRAI), simple precipitation ratio (SR), coefficient of variation in rainfall distribution (CV), precipitation concentration index (PCI), and the seasonal precipitation index (SPI) were used to evaluate the impacts of climate change on rainfall variability; whilst different inferential statistics techniques like Mann Kendal, Sen slope, regression, correlations, multifactor analysis (MFA), and chi-square test values- interpreted using the p-values- were used to identify the abrupt changes, trend patterns and significant impacts of climate change on the hydrological water balance for the study area, which in turn influenced decision-making in designing a new smart city. Based on a monthly water balance evaluation, the technical and financial feasibility of stormwater harvest system integration in smart cities was thematically deduced from survey interviews conducted and validated with simple component costing for SWH design and operation. The design of a sustainable and efficient pilot-scale engineering SWH system was synthesised through an extensive literature review for future adaptation. The various analyses and results in ranking the socio-economic and technical barriers to SWH system integration into smart cities connotes ageing infrastructure; the lack of proactive maintenance; and a lack of finance as the biggest challenges to efficient stormwaterharvesting system implementation. The study concludes that SWH presents a viable alternate source for water that might improve urban water self-sufficiency sustainability under different climatic smart city assessments, whilst recommending capacity development where climate change experts transfer knowledge, skills and expertise to upcoming researchers.
Determination of the most appropriate bus rapid transit system for the eThekwini Municipal Area
(2014) Adewumi, Emmanuel Olusegun; Allopi, Dhiren
Invariably, a high percentage of the population of South Africa depends on public transport. In order to continue to satisfy commuters in terms of comfort, travel time, reliability of service and traffic congestion, there is a need to improve the efficiency of moving passengers to reduce travel time, delay time and number of stops. In the quest for advancement and improvement in public transport, many countries now embark on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems based on the successful implementation of the system by cities like Curitiba (Brazil) and Bogota (Columbia). Government departments/transport authorities are often faced with the challenge of selecting the most suitable BRT system relative to the unique features of its transport demands and urban layout. Hence, this study proposes the determination of the most appropriate BRT system for the eThekwini Municipal Area (EMA). An in-depth literature review was conducted in order to determine the most adoptable BRT system amongst median, kerb side and segregated BRT systems, taking into consideration cost implications, safety of the passengers, pedestrian crossing, physically challenged commuters, vehicle option and manoeuvres. Physical assessment and critical review of the current operating BRT systems in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth in South Africa was employed in this study as well as a critical comparison among these systems. The pros and cons of the three functional BRT systems in South Africa were stated and a way forward for EMA was recommended. Lastly, an assessment of the proposed BRT system in EMA was conducted on the existing Phase 1 and the remaining three phases. The review conducted was based on route inspection, access to property, factors considered in the selection of a BRT system, demand analyses of the routes and the evaluation of Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth BRT systems. Guidelines were also provided for the remaining proposed BRT routes which could be adopted by the eThekwini Transport Authority (ETA) in order to enhance a better performance in EMA over the three functional BRT systems in South Africa using the aforementioned criteria.
Development of an Intelligent Standalone Solar Photovoltaic 48V DC microgrid system
(2024-05) Makhanya, Thandeka; Pillay, N; Sewsunker, R
With load shedding negatively affecting South Africans there are many concerns regarding stable power delivery to residential households. Amid all the power delivery concerns some rural communities are still not connected to the existing power infrastructure. Implementation of newer efficient clean energy sources is in demand. A standalone Photovoltaic (PV) Solar distributed renewable energy Direct Current (DC) microgrid can be the best possible approach to tackle the power grid shortcomings and to electrify communities that are not yet covered by the power grid or communities that want to transition to clean energy. The research focuses on the design of an optimal 48 VDC Multiple-PV Standalone microgrid in remote areas not covered by the main grid. The proposed microgrid can be typically used for lighting, charging phones, and other low-power applications. The microgrid will consist of 4 microgrid subgrids, each consisting of a dedicated Solar PV array, battery storage systems, loads, and other components that connect to the DC Bus and need to be monitored and controlled for efficient operation. Furthermore, the subgrids were designed based on the meteorological data of the selected location and the load demand for each subgrid. The microgrid design enables the subgrids to share power through a bidirectional DC-DC converter based on certain conditions. A power-sharing management system was implemented to manage power-sharing ensuring that the sharing subgrid does not drive its users to load shedding. Moreover, the microgrid design was simulated on Matlab/Simulink to observe the operation of the designed system and to determine if the proposed design would be able to achieve the desired goal. The results obtained from simulations indicate that the proposed microgrid design can provide an optimal service to its users by allowing the subgrid with surplus energy to share its power with the subgrid when needed.
Development of integrated model and framework for sustainable energy resources and systems planning
(2024-05) Akpan, Joseph Samuel; Oludolapo, Olanrewaju Akanni
Sustainable energy development (SED) is a crucial component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), aiming to maintain economic and social progress while protecting the environment and mitigating climate change's effects. SED serves as a transition paradigm for sustainable development, providing a blueprint for energy peace and prosperity for people and all uses. The first objective of this dissertation is to identify 10 interlinked themes of SED and explore 2 of them, which are the least studied in existing SED reviews. These two themes include energy financing and commitment to climate change and the need for 100% renewable energy (RE), a part of the decarbonization strategy towards the 1.5 - 2.0 °C Scenario. The study suggests that the current G20 countries' contributions, if done continuously per annum, in addition to 80% more funding from private investment of the same amount in the 1.5°C scenario financial requirement for clean energy, is sufficient to limit global warming. In addition to the present drive for 100% RE for all purposes, an emphasis is placed on addressing other issues, such as energy storage options, developing countries' development agenda, and regional security stability to prevent energy wars. Emerging SED decarbonization strategies are presented across power, transport, building, and industrial sectors. This part concludes with a summary of SED progress and directions for future research, mainly the need for re-defining Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) through a centralized global or regional stock-taking strategy for greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Consequently, the next study attempts to address the limitations of the current NDC by formulating a policy hypothesis and applying it to an integrated assessment tool (here, termed the environmental model) for strategic stock-taking in reducing GHG emissions. In developing this indexing model, being the first objective of this thesis, we analysed the potential impact of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement on global temperature rise used as the key model input parameters with countries' historical data and other parameters such as GDP, population growth. With the use of an integrated assessment tool based on the concept of system dynamics, the analysis constructs a framework to project global temperature changes under five policy scenarios, namely baseline, current (announced energy policies 1 and 2), and optimum (2.0 0 C Scenario), and most optimum (1.5 0 C) case scenarios. The hypothesis is formulated based on the analysis of current, announced, and best-case global and or applicable national policy scenarios. The model aims to address critical questions regarding the effectiveness of the on-going NDCs commitments in limiting global temperature rise to well below 2 0 C, in alignment with the Paris Agreement's goals. The simulation results offer a roadmap for optimizing the current NDCs in global and national energy policies and treaties, fostering international collaboration, and reinforcing the global commitment to combating climate change. Leveraging on the preceding simulation result of the environmental model, a novel emissions budgeting (EB) model tool (here, termed the economic model) was introduced as a simplified approach for the determination of the economic attractiveness of the policy scenarios of the environmental model. Hence, the second objective, which was to determine the economic benefit of policy scenarios, was achieved. Some advanced countries’ rapid population, economic growth, and energy consumption from mostly 100% electricity that is majorly fossil-based contributes significantly to global CO 2 emissions. In contrast, the case in most developing countries is different. For instance, electricity access in Africa is less than 60%. Hence, this presents challenges and opportunities for achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13 of generating all energy from cleaner or low-carbon sources to reduce CO 2 emissions in all countries and combating climate change consequences. Therefore, considering the peculiar situation of other developmental goals, such as increasing population access to electricity while being obliged with the need to transit to complete renewable energy, as our third objective, we explored the idea and transition paradigm of reaching a 100% renewable energy that is void of unjust energy transitioning, climate injustice, and unbiased drive for increasing renewables energy penetration in the global energy mix. The increasing need for renewable energies has been widely acknowledged to greatly advance the climate change agenda as increasing clean energy usage depletes the accumulation of GHG in the atmosphere. Alongside reducing the accumulation of GHG, increasing RE share in the national mix has constantly become the core of many countries' energy policies and the agenda of many of the NDCs reported by countries. Presently, about 30 countries already with over 70% of their national electricity mix from RE. A part of this has birthed a new paradigm and an emerging field of 100% RE for all purposes, recently receiving much attention from academia and in public discourse. Upon establishing the need for analysing the transition towards 100% RE, the thesis demonstrated this conceptual idea through a model (here, termed the energy model) to analyse the possibilities for a 100% renewable energy system at the global level. Because several studies have already done such analysis, however, this has hardly been directly linked to the climate scenarios. Therefore, this thesis bridged this gap in the literature by synthesising the energy transition at different percentage shares in the global primary energy mix over time with the effect on global temperature levels. The rationale behind this was to present a discussion on the pathway possibilities and challenges of achieving 100% RE and whether it is possible to meet the total global energy demand through RE, with what effect on the climate scenarios. To do this analysis, we further define our hypothesis using baseline, optimum, more optimum, and extreme optimum path scenarios to ascertain such possibilities. Finally, we used an integrated assessment model based on the principles of system dynamics to analyse these hypotheses and to find the implications of each action or scenario on other factors such as global temperature, GHG emissions, energy storage breakthrough while keeping the population growth at maximum possible value of 12.4 billion persons by 2100 with GDP growth rate not less than 1.5%. The findings are valuable in helping us discuss if 100% RE can be a reality and what the implications are. Our results show that in the baseline current scenarios, the global average temperature will most likely be kept at 3.3 0 C. Hence, the world would need very urgent and unprecedented efforts beyond the current baseline of business as usual. Interestingly, our findings also indicate that to stay within the 1.5 and 2.0 0 C Scenarios, the world may need just between (58.6 - 77.3) % and (62.7 - 82.8) %, respectively, in the global energy mix. For the most optimistic scenario, (75.5 - 99.8) % RE may be required, and this is able to keep the temperature rise even well below 1.5 0 C but at 1.1 0 C. The 1.1 0 C possibility is quite highly ambitious, in my opinion, because it requires the intensity of global mix energy generation of about 6627 extra joules from renewables only. The major challenge with the idea of 100% RE for all purposes is that achieving such a feat requires a more diverse approach and scarcely are there 100% RE studies that incorporate holistically the interrelation of several pertinent strategies. Therefore, there exists a need to meet both the technical and non-technical requirements. In order to address this shortcoming, our third objective introduces six methodological or evaluation mechanisms (herein, identified as 100% RE evaluation metrics) suitable for existing and future 100% renewable energy analysis. It then reviews energy modelling tools to identify their applicability to 100% RE analysis. The perspectives presented in this thesis are valuable in developing a common integrated methodology and modelling tool for analysing full renewable energy adoption in countries or regions with best trade-offs, using performance indices that have not been previously used. The proposed metrics could also help with proper national and regional energy resources and system planning for new energy projects and installations, contributing to sustainable development. The framework and narrative, presented in the form of a model within this dissertation, make a noteworthy contribution to the ongoing discourse surrounding the energy transition as, to the best of my knowledge, this concept has not been presented this way. The results from this dissertation can be further investigated through a streamlined application of the approach at individual country or regional level to facilitate inclusive and climate-responsive planning and execution strategies for sustainable energy and electricity generation, distribution, and utilization at both national and urban levels. The implications of the findings have the potential to inform the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) and Conference of Parties (COP) policies in better ways of promoting equitable support for countries, regions, energy consumers, utilities, and prosumers.
Durban Container Terminal role in achieving national development plan goals on sustainable development
(2024-05) Ntuli, Muziwokuthula Nkanyiso; Allopi, Dhiren
Durban Container Terminal (DCT) operations contribute significantly to emission release. DCT operations directly threaten sustainable development and South Africa’s Sustainable National Development Plan (NDP) goals. Sustainable port development aims to create scenarios for “Ports of the Future” that are green, sustainable and have minimal or no impact on the environment. The problem statement is defined as DCT's role in failure to achieve sustainable development targets set by the NDP and the United Nations (UN). The current DCT operation setup promotes an increase in cargo handling coupled with numerous socioeconomic activities, which is a constant source of increasing pressure on the limited natural resources and a continuous threat to sustainable development in the Durban areas. The aim and objectives are to investigate and explore the reasons why DCT fails to achieve sustainable development goals set up by the NDP and the UN. The quantitative research method helped to answer questions on relationships within measurable variables to explain, predict, and control a phenomenon concerning sustainable development goals for the container terminal. The findings presented challenges and a threat to DCT if the current position concerning service requirements, costs and demands for sustainability is not addressed. The literature, studies and engineering reports illustrate the available technologies that respond to sustainable development requirements. The theory supports the critical role played by the dry port, terminal layout, and operating system in mitigating emissions release during operations. The engineering and DCT electricity consumption annual reports confirm the high consumption of energy during operations. The results from the port equipment, infrastructure, road and rail integration, and dry port explain why DCT fails to achieve the sustainable development goals set by the NDP and the UN. DCT depends on the main grid energy supply originating from fossil energy sources. This has led to 58 967tCO2e for DCT operation from equipment and electrical infrastructure. The poor rail conditions have increased temporary speed restrictions (TSRs). The lack of investment in the rail infrastructure, rail maintenance, and TSR takes away the opportunity to have a dry port and reduces the number of containers travelling by road. The DCT integrated logistics system is missing the possibility of reducing CO2 emission release by 30 085.4tCO2e. The simulating model confirmed the dominance of trucks and was followed by port equipment concerning CO2 release. The results illustrate the impact of the ineffective role of rail freight. It indicates that if the number of wagons is increased, the number of trucks on the road will decrease, resulting in a CO2 release reduction. The DCT integrated operating model assessment results explain why DCT is not realizing the national development plan’s objectives for sustainable development goals. DCT consumes high amounts of energy and contributes to CO2 emissions, primarily through road and rail freight. Ineffective operational planning and poor rail conditions significantly impact CO2 release. The DCT terminal operation itself contributes only 10% of the integrated operation's CO2 emissions, with road and rail freight releasing 90%. The simulated model highlights the dominance of trucks in CO2 emissions, followed by port equipment, and poor rail conditions preventing DCT from achieving sustainable development goals. The introduction of a dry port as an intermodal hub could promote economic growth and reduce road congestion and carbon emissions. However, the poor rail conditions make the proposed Cato Ridge/Camperdown dry port unviable. DCT's main challenges in achieving sustainable development goals are categorized into three focus areas: Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent Work and Economic Growth, and Climate Action. This analysis will help provide the best operating and sustainable development scenario for DCT, which could include the introduction of hybrid equipment, energy-saving technology, and improved rail infrastructure. Adopting a reconfigured DCT-integrated operating model is recommended since it has no significate operational changes within the DCT terminal. The reconfigured DCT integrated operations introduce a dry port and a rail infrastructure upgrade to accommodate 150 wagon trains. The reconfigured DCT integrated operating model promotes the reduction of container trucks calling for a DCT terminal, unlocking decent work and economic growth, sustainable cities, and communities within the Midlands region.
Ethics in construction industry : project managers’ case study
(2018) Kahlela, Thobeka; Aiyetan, Olatunji Ayodeji
Business ethics and corporate governance have taken centre stage globally in the last decade due to the increasing unethical practices by private and public institutions. These unethical practices adversely affect the image of professionals and organisations with a resultant negative impact on the competitive advantage of the organisation. This study aims to assess factors contributing to unethical behaviours of project managers. The study was conducted in five provinces of South Africa including KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape, Cape Town, Limpopo and Gauteng. The sample frame consists of construction project managers registered with South African Council for the Project and Construction Management Professions (SACPCMP) and Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Random sampling technique was employed in the selection of samples. A total number of thirty six questionnaires were analysed for the study. Descriptive statistics were employed for the analysis of data. Findings include personal value, organisational culture and education are very influential factors on ethical decisions of a project manager. Furthermore, corporate value and individual values are the factors which most influence the ethical judgment of a project manager. Improving ethical practice for the professionals could improve ethical performance in construction projects and production efficiency in the construction industry in SA. Based on the findings of the study, ways to mitigate unethical conduct would be; practicing ethical conduct at all times will improve production, the levels of risk on projects will decrease and also an improvement in communication and transparency will minimize the levels of unethical conduct of the project managers in South Africa.
Evaluating the model of multi : Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) constellation to mitigate the multipath signals
(2023-05) Madonsela, Bhekinkosi Pheneas; Davidson, Innocent Ewaen; Mukubwa, E.; Moloi, K.
The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are evolving continuously and are being used in many applications across the world. The GNSS is used in electrical industries, the banking sector, the agricultural sector, the transportation and logistics sectors, etc. The architecture and operation of the GNSS is made up of three subdivisions: the space section, control section, and user section. The space segment consists of the satellite constellation to generate and emit the GNSS code phase and carrier phase signals. The space segment further stores and broadcasts the navigation data that is uploaded to the system by the GNSS controllers. For accurate Position, Velocity and Time (PVT), the satellite constellation must have at least three or four satellites visible to the GNSS receiver. The control segment is also known as the ground segment and is accountable for the complete operations of the GNSS. The ground segment further controls and preserves the conformation files of the satellite constellation, updates the navigation data to all satellites, controls the atomic clock of the GNS, and predicts the satellite ephemeris. The user segment is made up of GNSS receivers; their purpose is to receive the GNSS signal that contains the code phase and carrier phase to determine the pseudorange and other observables. There numerous issues that obstruct the application of the GNSS across all sectors mentioned above; those are signal attenuation in the satellite channels, signal diffraction, and signal multipath. Hence, this thesis focused on mitigating the GNSS multipath signal by investigating the concept of Combined Signal Detection (CSD). The purposes was to reduce the impact of signal degradation and further enable the GNSS receivers to withstand the signal degradation in deep rural areas. There are numerous existing methodologies to mitigate multipath signal and improve the positioning, velocity and timing in urban areas. However, the proposed CSD approach provided the better performance by using the vector detection of all visible satellites to improve (DP) Direct Positioning , High Sensitivity (HS) and clock bias. Furthermore, the capabilities of the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Galileo satellites are integrated to accommodate the adoption of CSD concept. The CSD concept require the GNSS receiver that is capable of processing multi-frequencies. The multi-constellation GNSS receiver use numerous satellites that are in space, such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS) satellites, BeiDou satellites, Galileo satellites, and Glonass satellites. However, the similarities between the constellations is investigated before the system is integrated for multi-constellation. The concept of CSD proved to be capable of mitigating the signal multipath without introducing an external device or circuit. This thesis further provided the comprehensive analysis of sources that contribute towards the signal degradation
Evaluation of production outsourcing effectiveness in the rolling stock manufacturing sector
(2023-09) Boyce, Sakhiwo; Olanrewaju, Oludolapo Akanni
Outsourcing is referred to as transferring an activity internally to external control. Production outsourcing is the contracting with a third party to produce goods or services (Valiyattoor and Bhandari 2020). This thesis studies production outsourcing and in-house production in the rolling stock manufacturing sector through a manufacturer and supplier perspective. On various occasions the organization experienced challenges in meeting monthly targets, as well as producing at a high cost. Some of the causes for this were not obvious to management, but production outsourcing was a suspected possible factor but the influence on overall production costs had to be investigated where it is positive or negative. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cost to outsource vs in-house production. Furthermore, assess production outsourcing influence in the changing demand patterns and its influence on customer satisfaction. A DMAIC (an abbreviation for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) lean six sigma methodology was adopted in creating the framework design. The research study is quantitative that follows descriptive approach, where historical data from SAP (Systems, Analysis and Products in data processing) and data collected from survey was analyzed and evaluated. The sample size that was used for the first objective was a total of 36 components drawn from 6 various businesses data base, namely: coaches, wagons, rolling stock equipment (RSE), wheels, locomotives, and ports. The sample size used for the second objective was 40 respondents from AB Ltd manufacturing facility, where 440 responses were received. For objective two, the data was exported to Microsoft excel. A chi-square test method was employed to analyze the data, using both Microsoft excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. For the second aspect to address the second objective, 5-point Likert Scale technique to collect and gather responses was used. Data analysis method used was a t-test using both Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Both tests completed were hypothesis test, one being chi-square and one being a t test. In addressing objective one, the study results aided the researcher to draw conclusions that the cost rate of insourced parts differs to that of outsourced part. This therefore means that production outsourcing does not necessarily reduce production costs for AB Ltd. The results show that in-house production is cheaper compared to outsourcing. In addressing objective two, the study results endorsed the researcher to draw another conclusion that production outsourcing does not have positive influence in managing and supporting increased customer demands. This was based on the null hypothesis that was rejected in both aspects; hence the study supported the alternative hypothesis. The recommendations were that; AB Ltd should outsource the right components; no outsourcing should be implemented for parts that will have direct impact on AB Ltd’s customers and lastly, not to consider cost only as a main reason to outsource.
Examining issues influencing effective facilities management practice on selected public sector buildings in South Africa
(2021-12-01) Ndlovu, Petronella Minenhle; Mewomo, M. C.
The facilities management (FM) industry has been confronted with a number of challenges and obstacles when it comes to the implementation of effective and efficient facilities management in public sector buildings. Thus, this study: investigates the current nature and extent of facilities management practice in public sector buildings; determines the technical roles of the facilities management team in the life cycle of public sector buildings; determines the competencies required for effective FM practices in public sector buildings; investigatesthe challengesinhibiting effective FM practice in public sector buildings, determines the drivers and enablers for effective FM practice in public sector buildings; and also recommends strategies for effective FM in public sector buildings in South Africa. The study utilized primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from the respondents through a questionnaire survey of 39 inspectors of the provincial Public Works department in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The questionnaire elicited information on issues influencing effective facilities management practices on selected public sector buildings. The secondary data was generated from literature from which the research instrument was developed. Data analysis was carried out using mean item score, percentage, factor analysis and T-test. The research findings indicated that most organizations were predominantly utilizing unplanned maintenance strategies and as such, involved repair work and corrective maintenance rather than predictive and preventive maintenance. The study also found insufficient funding, irregular, or fixed budgeting and the absence of a policy guideline for infrastructural development and maintenance of buildings as the major challenge affecting FM practices in the study area. The predominant drivers of FM practices are design of organizational structure, spirit of teamwork and sharing of FM knowledge and skills. The availability of policy/regulations supporting the maintenance of public buildings, availability of funds, hiring of better skilled professionals and an increase in the level of awareness of FM benefits were found to be enablers of FM practices. Based on these findings, the study recommends the need to employ a planned maintenance strategy in the day-to-day maintenance of public sector buildings. Furthermore, there is a need to have a policy in place that stands as a guideline for all work, strategies and processes for FM in public sector buildings. This study adds to the existing body of knowledge by providing useful information on factors that could enhance the effectiveness of facilities management in public sectors buildings in South Africa and beyond.
Feasibility analysis and optimization of new energy technologies for sustainable development
(2024-05) Kumba, Hagreaves; Olanrewaju, Oludolapo Akanni
Energy is essential for crucial development in Africa. The current electricity shortages or load shedding in South Africa show the country faces significant challenges in reaching positive economic growth. For industries to operate sustainably, an innovative mechanism must be tailored to solve the negative impacts of industrial energy use, particularly climate change. Even though fossil fuels generate the majority of produced electricity in South Africa, the country’s potential for renewable energy sources is vast. In contrast, solar irradiance and wind offer considerable commercial potential. New renewable energy resources are widely seen as a means to address the challenges of climate change and energy insecurity. They can be of crucial importance in developing a sustainable economy in the country. The study aims to show how renewable energy technologies can provide new economic opportunities, contribute to higher standards of living, and reduce the impacts of society on ecosystems, among other things. This thesis presents a feasibility analysis and optimization of new energy technologies by designing and simulating a grid-connected PV system for sustainable development. The PVsyst software was used to simulate and optimize the PV system. The software was used to design and model the PV systems and to calculate the energy production, economic performance, and environmental impact. The researcher utilized simulation data to compare PV system performance in three scenarios and identify the optimal one. Overall, the findings of this thesis suggest that grid-connected PV systems are a feasible and sustainable option to meet South Africa's energy needs. By implementing the results and recommendations, the government, investors, and community can work together to develop and deploy a successful PV system that will benefit all.
Feasibility of blue energy production using reverse electrodialysis In KwaZulu-Natal coastal region : modelling study using Comsol multiphysics
(2024-05) Ngcobo, Lungisani; Ngema, Peterson Thokozani; Tumba, Kaniki
Renewable energies have gained an increasing focus in recent years, due to the climate crisis contributed or associated with the current energy generation sources in South Africa. Thus, in this thesis, a renewable energy source called salinity gradient energy or blue energy will be presented and studied. The main objectives outlined in this dissertation were to evaluate the theoretical potential of electric energy production from the KwaZulu Natal rivers which are uThukela, uMvoti, uMkhomazi, Amanzimtoti, Umgeni, and uMfolozi. Finally, to optimize and simulate RED membrane and design reverse electrodialysis membranes and feeding pumps. In terms of the theoretical potential for producing electricity in the studied estuaries, it was concluded that the uThukela estuary has a considerably higher potential than the others. So, by this information, the possibility of designing the pilot plant in this estuary was studied, noting that the location of the pilot plant where the energy produced is greater and the capital cost are lower is at the mouth of the uThukela river. As for the pilot plant of RED, it was concluded that it is economically viable since the profit/loss found was R0 which is a break-even point, the plant is not generating a profit, but it’s also not generating a loss and since the focus for now is to try generating power. It’s economically viable in the sense that it covers its costs, but it is not profitable in terms of generating surplus revenue. It was concluded that using cheap and very thin membranes with high fluxes can increase the performance of the reverse electrodialysis. Also, the performance can be increased by using more than two reverse electrodialysis stacks instead of one.
The green township infrastructure design toolkit : creating eco efficient engineering solutions
(2017) Saroop, Shian Hemraj; Allopi, Dhiren
There is a growing need for co-ordination of design, sustainability, economic and environmental aspects of infrastructure projects. The provision of civil infrastructure has a major impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. A literature review conducted highlighted that infrastructure development was focused mainly on the financial and engineering aspects of projects. There is an urgent need to apply technologies and methods that deliver better and more sustainable performance of civil infrastructure as well as a need to establish a standard of measurement for greener infrastructure. The literature review revealed that the existing tools do not adequately rate and monitor civil engineering infrastructure design decisions from concept stage, through to detailed design and implementation. The objectives of the research were to identify green design technologies that can be used in township infrastructure and to encourage sustainable design on infrastructure township services, at various stages of the project. This would require the development of a green reporting system that incorporates environmentally friendly infrastructure design solutions. This study identified alternative eco-efficient civil infrastructure design solutions and developed sustainability criteria to analyse the eco-efficiency of infrastructure projects. The study proposed a Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit aimed at ensuring high-performance, eco-efficient, economical and environmentally friendly design decisions on stormwater, roads, water and sanitation related to township infrastructure projects. Various case studies were undertaken on a range of infrastructure projects to ensure consistency and reliability of the toolkit. Through a series of green reports, developed for each stage of a project, the toolkit measured the environmental efficiency of the design solutions. Recommendations suggest that engineering practitioners should endeavour to integrate greener engineering solutions into the traditional method of designing of infrastructure projects. The Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit with the use of its green reporting tools ensures the design of sustainable township infrastructure services, by progressively ensuring efficient, affordable, economical and sustainable provision of infrastructure services.