Faculty of Management Sciences
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Item Financial bootstrapping as a sustainable livelihood alternative for agricultural co-operatives in an emerging economy(Virtus Interpress, 2024) Zwane, Bonginkosi Keith; Nyide, Celani John; Sikwela, Misery; Mantzaris, Evangelos; Fuyane, NkululekoThere is a scarcity of scholarly literature relating to financial bootstrapping in emerging economies, especially the use by co operatives in general and agricultural co-operatives in particular. As such, the financial bootstrapping methods used by agricultural co operatives in South Africa, an emerging economy, remain unknown (Rwekaza, 2021; Zantsi, 2021). The aim of this study is to determine the financial bootstrapping methods used by agricultural co-operatives. This study was undergirded by pragmatism, which allowed and guided the adoption of mixed-methods research. The qualitative aspect was given more priority or weight in answering the research questions, making it a quan → QUAL design. The study consisted of 52 agricultural co-operatives located in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It was found that agricultural co-operatives practised some of the bootstrapping methods, especially those related to owner-related financing. However, there is little or no evidence of bootstrapping practices related to sharing resources and minimising capital invested in stock and accounts receivable. The co-operatives stifled their growth as they employed counter-bootstrapping activities caused mainly by their unsubstantiated beliefs. This research furnishes rural cooperatives with operational capital-enhancing guidelines that promote successItem The role of digital marketing in the sustainability of the formal retail sector in Flagstaff(2024-03) Noqazo, Zizipho; Madondo, ElvisMarketing is a fundamental part of any retail business as it is the means of promoting products and services to the target market (Grönholm 2012). Digital marketing has transformed retailers’ marketing strategies significantly. Online marketing channels are undeniablyoneof the most advanced digital technologies to be used in marketing, which makes it essential for retailers to incorporate these strategies into their businesses. The internet and its rapid technological developments have provided retailers with numerous tools for online marketing, such as email marketing, social media, pay-per- click, search engine optimisation, pop-ups and so forth. While many rural South African businesses are starting to adopt these marketing tools in their businesses, the role of digital marketing in the sustainability of the formal retail sector in the rural areas of South Africa (SA) has not been explored fully. The aim of this study was to explore the role of digital marketing in sustaining retail businesses in Flagstaff, while the primary objective of the research is to identify and describe the role of digital marketing in retail businesses in rural areas. According to Bala and Verma (2018), digital marketing is the greatest platform to transform a product into a brand and has the potential to increase sales tremendously, provided that businesses have knowledge and understanding of how to apply it properly. The study adopted a mixed research method in order to achieve the set objectives. This study followed the probability sampling method in recruiting participants. Random sampling was the probability sampling method employed to generate the sample for this study. Retailers operating in Flagstaff and members of the public (customers) were the two populations targeted for this research. The study used a structured self administered questionnaire consisting of 20 items to collect quantitative data from retailers. Focus group discussions were also conducted with members of the public to gather qualitative data. The researcher adopted the census method, whereby all 52 stores in Flagstaff took part in the study. The sample for the focus group interviews comprised of thirty (30) participants that were allocated into six groupsof 5 participants in each group. The study used version 27.0 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyse quantitative data, and thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. According to the study's findings,retailersutilise a variety of digital marketing methods, including social mediamarketing, email marketing, andmobile marketing, to exchange information, contact with customers, send them sales pitches and other marketing materials, and interact with them online. Retailers claimed that digital marketing had introduced novel ways to conductonline business,such as onlineshopping.However, this activity is connected to a numberof difficulties in rural areas, which hasprevented many retailers from offering it as a substitute for traditional shopping.As a result, there is little use of online shopping in Flagstaff retail businesses. Consumer feedback indicates that retailers' use of SMS communication, Facebook, and emails to convey information about sales pitches and promotions has inspired and encouraged customers to make purchases from particular retailers. However, participants have stressed that they prefer hearing from retailers through traditional channels sincethey are simpler to access because they have trouble getting information on digital platforms. The study recommends that rural retailers should integrate digital marketing into their marketing activities, which will increase awareness of the brand; reach a wider audience; aid in keeping up with trends and staying ahead of the competition; and maintain their presence on social media platforms. The study suggests that further research be conducted on the impact of specific online marketing tools in order to allow retailers to focus on online channels that align with their brand to generate profitable results for the businessItem Evaluating the sustainability of South Africa’s gambling industry(2023) Mlobeli, Siphamandla; Hatikanganwi, MapudziSouth Africa is a developing country that prides itself on having in-depth understanding of gambling activities. People engage in gambling activities like casino games and lotteries. Even though gambling activities have evolved from being a relatively unusual occurrence limited to brick-and-mortar casinos, bingo halls, race and sports books, it has become a technologically sophisticated sector that is growing significantly every year. The gambling activities have transforms how individuals gamble. People gamble in the comfort of their own homes. However, the growing importance of unregulated (and thus illegal) gambling in South Africa is a troubling trend. This study aimed at investigating the opportunities for the South African gambling sector to continue operating in the face of declining revenues. To establish the set objectives, this study adopted the use of qualitative methods particularly purposive sampling. The researcher acquired a representative sample of the three CEOs and 12 players from each of the three companies, Gold Circle, HollywoodBets, and Phumelela Gaming. In a similar vein, the 12 clients chosen from the three businesses have a history of doing business with them. The findings of the study revealed that both internal and external elements contributed to the industry's swift drop in fortunes. The internal variables include marketing, culture, issues with tax income, racing, wagering, and the use of human capital. Education, innovation, globalisation, a lack of skilled workers, economic and political instability, legal issues, restrictions on gambling, change, and government backing are some of the external variables. The study recommended significant government assistance for the industry. The national gambling board should also see to the closure of all illegal gambling establishments. The sudden increase in licence renewal costs and tax revenue needs to be investigated, to help the business regain its financial stability.Item The implication of social media marketing on the sustainability of SMEs in Accra Ghana(2023) Hayford, Amegbe; Zungu, Nkululeko PraiseGod; Asamoah, Emmanuel SelaseSocial media is a nascent technological tool that impacts organizations today. The impact varies from large to small organizations and developed and developing country contexts. The present study advances insight by investigating the implication of social media marketing on small and medium enterprise (SME) sustainability in Accra, using an exploratory, sequential, mixed methods strategy. The study commenced with the qualitative phase, interviewing 16 SMEs in Accra from different industries, as classified by the Ghana Investment and Promotion Council. The findings from the qualitative phase formed the basis for the quantitative phase, which surveyed 234 SMEs to participate in the study. The qualitative data were analysed with NVivo, while SmartPLS was employed for the quantitative data. Findings from the qualitative and quantitative phases reveal support for organisational and entrepreneurial factors influencing the adoption decision of SMEs in Accra. However, the study did not find support for two qualitative phase technological factors (complexity and perceived cost) and one environmental factor (institutional pressure). Furthermore, support for social media adoption and financial marketing performance were revealed as non-financial marketing performance in both study phases, while financial marketing performance was found to also support environmental and social sustainability. This study's originality lies in the use of a sequential mixed methods approach, to extend Technology, Organization and Environment theory in examining marketing performance outcomes and sustainability. Moreover, the inclusion of an additional factor to test social media adoption among SMEs and developing a conceptual framework to explore and test these relationships, differentiates this study. Theoretically, the study contributes to the existing knowledge, demonstrating the factors influencing SMEs' social media adoption, how this translates into non-financial marketing performance of SMEs and would lead to their sustainable performance. Based on the overall findings, the study also develops a conceptual framework that can serve as a foundation upon which future studies could be conducted. Practically, the findings would also benefit SME owners/managers on advantages of social media use in their organizations and to develop a proper implementation strategy. For policymakers who oversee SME activities, this study would provide the avenue for policy formulation on how SMEs can take advantage of social media in their organization to enable them to become competitive and remain sustainable.Item An assessment of the contribution of corporate social responsibility practices on sustainable community development in the Zimbabwe mining sector : a case study of Zimplats(2023) Muhwava, Christopher; Rampersad, RenithaThe goal of this study was to determine how Zimplats' corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices contribute to sustainable development (SD) in the Mhondoro Ngezi district. The study further aimed to assess Zimplats’ CSR policies with regards to sustainable development. This study used a sample of 384 people from the Mhondoro Ngezi district, and a qualitative and quantitative data collection approach was used to attain these goals. The study sample included members of the Mhondoro Ngezi community with CSR knowledge and employees of Zimplats. The study reviewed literature and theories within Zimbabwe, South Africa and internationally that were essential to CSR and sustainable development (SD). The research assessed the impact of CSR practices on sustainable development of communities within the Zimplats’ operational environment. The study therefore sought to establish the sustainability of CSR as an instrument of addressing the challenges being faced by communities adjacent to the company operations. A correlation test aided in the analysis of the data findings so that relevant conclusions could be drawn. The results revealed that Zimplats’ CSR initiatives improved livelihood of the Mhondoro Ngezi community in a sustainable way. Community participation and ownership in development initiatives was discovered to be critical to their long-term viability and there is a link between sustainability and community involvement in development projects. The study also found that Zimplats’ CSR practices contribute to job creation, capacity building and improved standards of living. The study recommended that Zimplats should prioritize stakeholder engagement and participation and ownership of developmental projects as a way of ensuring that their CSR projects are sustainable.Item Financial sustainability and financial well-being of small and medium enterprise owners in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana(2023) Amankwaa, Robert; Agbenyegah, Albert TcheyFinancial sustainability is the most vital part of SMEs and the cornerstone of SME owners’ well-being. However, poor financial sustainability of SMEs leads to poor well-being of SME owners. Therefore, the study aimed to assess SME owners’ financial sustainability and well-being. Primarily, the study sought to identify the main factors that influence SMEs’ sustainability, describe the level of SMEs’ financial sustainability and level of SME owners’ financial well-being, amd to assess the relationship between SME financial sustainability and owners’ financial well-being in Sekondi-Takoradi. Through the use of cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, 250 SME owners were chosen from a population of 10,205 SME owners in SekondiTakoradi, the study. Overall, the study used close-ended instrument to gather data from the participants. In particular, 5-point Likert scale measure was relied upon to solicit information from SME owners on sustainability factors, business sustainability measures and the financial well-being of the SME owners. Using SPSS version 22.0, data obtained were analysed and presented in tables and figures. Simple linear and multiple regression techiques were also used to determine the relationship between the variables. A p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. The study found that SMEs financial sustainability is influence by both internal and external factors. It was also revealed that the businesses were financially stable amd the well-being of SME owners was financially good to a moderate extent. Finally, there was a favourable and significant relationship between financial sustainability and the financial well-being of SME owners. Therefore, the study recommended that since SMEs have no control over the external factors, they should concentrate on and improve upon the internal factors such as skills, experience amd finacial literacy since they positively influences SMEs' financial sustainability. In addition, it is recommended that SMEs work on their return on investment to better their sustainability.Item An overview on the role of innovation in making sustainable and future-ready businesses(ERM Publications, 2023) Rena, RavinderInnovation is the key to success for businesses and it remains a crucial element in the sustainable development of the entrepreneurship activities across the globe. It is characterized by the creative capacity of invention as a source of sociocultural and technological change. In this background, the current review provides an overview of innovative business practices, enablers, and the factors that prevent the business owners to innovate new product/ service offerings, role of innovation among the small and medium enterprises, and impact of innovative business practices in the aftermath of COVID-19. Methodology: No comprehensive review has been made in this domain, though the researchers have focused on the concepts of innovation and business practices separately. The present study is an important contribution to the research domain as it holistically approaches the concept, its application, and the takeaway for future. Findings: The research article reviewed the studies conducted earlier and discussed the innovative practices followed in different domains and how the existing studies handled the concept of innovation in business. The paper also discussed about green innovation concepts and the concept of business innovation in India since India emerges as a vibrant nation after COVID-19. Implications: As per the India Innovation Index 2021, India is yet to tap the potential areas. With loads of opportunities yet to be unleashed, India must bring policy measures to make business innovations, a norm. It has increased continuously in the ladder of innovative start-up environment provider, though there is a scope for further growth in this regard.Item Towards developing a sustainability assessment framework for buildings in Uganda : a literature review(2023-08-29) Semanda, Julius; Moyo, Sibusiso; Chikafalimani, Samuel Herald Peter; Kibwani, NathanThe construction sector is one of the main contributors to sustainable development, and its importance in encouraging environmental protection, economic growth, and social advancement is undeniable. The present study reviewed existing literature to help develop a framework for assessing the sustainability of buildings in Uganda. To develop the framework, indicators were needed, therefore, sustainability indicators from the main sustainability rating tools like BREEAM, LEED, CASBEE, Green Star and IGBC, and the various journals were established. A systematic literature review of accessible literature was the research approach used. Inadequate public education and awareness, construction process technicalities, higher costs of sustainable building processes and materials, bureaucracy processes, unfamiliarity with sustainable technology, and lack of sustainable product information, were singled out as the main challenges for implementing sustainability processes in developing countries coupled with regional differences in local conditions, policies, and regulations in different countries. Embracing and implementing sustainability practices offers protection of air, water, land, and ecosystems, promotes harmony among people and between humanity and nature, and improves economic growth. Since no sustainability assessment tool/framework of buildings exists in Uganda, the study aims to establish one, to be able to foster sustainability practices. However, establishing policies, regulations, incentives, awareness, and industry support are important to promote sustainability in Uganda.Item How to encourage buying recycled products : a South African : German comparison(2023-06-16) Dobbelstein, Thomas; Lochner, CarinaDue to an increasing demand, companies have started producing recycled products. However, little is known about the specific purchase behavior. Hence, this study analyses the factors influencing purchase intention for recycled products including differences related to different types of products and between Germany and South Africa. A quantitative study in Germany (n = 603) and South Africa (n = 692). shows that purchase intention is significantly higher in South Africa. The influencing factors (individual, product, and context related constructs) are the same in both countries, but they differ regarding their strength. Thus, the factor “attitude/environmental concern” has the strongest influence in South Africa, while it is “value/accessibility” in Germany. Furthermore, purchase intention for mobile phones is generally smaller than for t‐shirts and toilet paper. Purchase intention for recycled t‐shirts is significantly higher in South Africa than in GermanyItem Stakeholders’ involvement in service delivery at eDumbe Municipality(AOSIS, 2022-02-28) Zwane, Zweliknona; Matsiliza, Noluthando S.Background: Stakeholders have diverse interests in the provision of public services; hence, they support municipalities in responding to communities’ basic needs by engaging them in decision-making and in offering development support.Aim: This article aims at assessing stakeholders’ engagement in service provision at eDumbe Municipality, in Kwazulu-Natal. The main objective was to improve service provision and development at eDumbe local area.Setting: eDumbe municipal area is the study location where data were collected by researchers.Methods: A qualitative approach was employed to collect and analyse data, using the case study design.Results: It has emerged that resource management, socio-economic factors and governance issues are barriers in successfully achieving stakeholders’ full support in service delivery.Conclusion: This study demonstrated dynamics of limited stakeholders’ engagement at eDumbe. It is recommended that municipality must improve its relations and strategies for engaging stakeholders to improve their participation in service provision. Findings from this study contribute to the existing knowledge of participatory democracy in South Africa.